• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.7-17
• /
• 2012

The aim of this study is to empirically explore micro and macroeconomic factors affecting the Pakistani sugar industries and searching the energy potential of this industry, through the survey of literature. The empirical part has been explored by employing Vector Autoregression (VAR), Granger Causality tests and simultaneous equation models through quarterly data for the period of 1991q2-2008q4. The study also aims to devise policies for the development of sugar industries and identify its growing importance for the energy sector of Pakistan. Empirical tests applied on the domestic prices of sugar, domestic interest rates, and exchange rate, productive capacities of sugar mills, per capita income, world sugar prices on cultivable area and sugar production reveal very useful results. Results reveal an improvement of productive capacity of the sugar mills of Pakistan on account of increasing crushing capacity of this sector. Negative effect of rising wholesale prices on the harvesting area was also observed. Profit earnings of the sugar mills significantly increase with the rise of sugar prices but the system does not exist for the farming community to share the rising prices of sugar. The models indicate positive and significant effect of local prices of sugar on its volume of import. Another of the findings of this study positively relates the local sugar markets with the international prices of sugar. Additionally, the causality tests results reveal exchange rate, harvesting area and overall output of sugarcane to have significant effects on the local prices of sugar. Similarly, import of sugar, interest rate, per capita consumption of sugar, per capita national income and the international prices of sugar also significantly affect currency exchange rate of Pakistani rupee in terms of US$. The study also finds sugar as an essential and basic necessity of the Pakistani consumers. That is why there are no significant income and price effects on the per capita consumption of sugar in Pakistan. All the empirical methods reiterate the relationship of variables. Economic policy makers are recommended to improve governance and management in the production, stock taking, internal and external trading and distribution of sugar in Pakistan using bumper crop policies. Macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, exchange rate per capita income and consumption are closely connected with the production and distribution of sugar in Pakistan. The cartelized role of the sugar industries should also be examined by further studies. There is need to further explore sugar sector of Pakistan with the perspective of energy generation through this sector; cartelized sugar markets in Pakistan and many more other dimensions of this sector. Exact appraisal of sugar industries for energy generation can be done appropriately by the experts from applied sciences.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 The 6th International Symposium of East Asian Resources Recycling Technology
• /
• pp.122-131
• /
• 2001

Pakistan being the 6$^{th}$ largest sugar producer has over 75 sugar mills with annual production capacity of about 2.4 million tons during 1996-97. The contribution of Sindh with 27 sugar mills is recorded over 50% of the total sugar production. The majority of the mills in Pakistan use the Defecation-Remelt-Phosphitation (DRP; 24 mills), Defecation-Remelt-Carbonation (DRC; 21 mills) and Defecation-Remelt Carbonation and Sulphitation (DRCS; 11 mills) process. Seven of the 75 sugar mills in Pakistan also produce industrial alcohol from molasses, a by- product of sugar manufacturing process. These sugar industries also produce fly ash, which have been found to contain unburned carbon and reach as far as four-kilo meter area with the wind direction, threatening the community health of people living around, besides posing other aesthetic problems. The untreated wastewater, in many cases, finds its way to open surface drains causing serious threat to livestock, flora and fauna. One study showed that fly ash emitted from the chimneys contain particle size ranging from 38 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ to 1000 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. About 50 per cent of each fly ash samples were above 300 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size and were mostly unburned Carbon particles, which produced 85% weight loss on burning in air atmosphere at 1000${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. This fly ash (mostly carbon) was the main cause of many health and aesthetic problems in the sugar mill vicinity. The environmental challenge for the local sugar mills is associated with liquid waste gaseous emission and solid waste. This paper discusses various waste recycling technologies and practices in sugar industries of Pakistan. The application of EM technology and Biogas technology has proved very successful in reusing the sugar industry wastewater and mud, which otherwise were going waste.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
• /
• pp.1258-1258
• /
• 2001

Estimation of sugar and reducing sugar content in molasses is very important task in sugar refineries. Conventional methods of determination of sugar content in molasses samples are highly time consuming and employ hazardous chemicals. Due to the physical properties of molasses, probability of error in conventional analytical techniques is high. These methods have proven to be inefficient for a process control in any sugar industry. Hence development of a rapid, inexpensive, physical and also accurate method for sugar determination in molasses will be highly useful. Near Infrared spectroscopy is being widely used worldwide as an analytical technique in food industry. The technique offers the advantage of being non-destructive and rapid. The present paper highlights the potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy as a rapid and automated analytical technique for determination of sugar and reducing sugar content in molasses. A number of molasses samples were collected during and after the sugar season from Havana Sugar Industry, Havana. The samples were chosen so as to obtain a wide range of concentration of sugar and reducing sugars. This was done in order to achieve a good calibration curve with widely spread data points. These samples were scanned in the region of 1100 - 2500 nm in diffuse reflectance mode. An indigenous ELICO NIR spectrophotometer, modified according to the requirements of sugar industry was used for this purpose. Each sample was also analyzed simultaneously by standard chemical methods. Chemical values were taken as reference for near infrared analysis. In order to obtain the most accurate calibration for the set of samples, various mathematical treatments were employed. Partial Least Square method was found to be most suitable for the analysis. A comparison is made between the actual values (chemical values) and the predicted values (NIR values). The actual values agree very well with the predicted values showing the accuracy of the technique. The validity of the technique is checked by predicting the concentration of sugar in unknown molasses samples using the calibration curve. The present investigation assesses the feasibility of the technique for on-line monitoring of sugars present in molasses in sugar industries.

• Carbon letters
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.192-200
• /
• 2010

Common reed (Fragmites australis), a local invasive grass, was investigated as a possible feedstock for the production of activated carbon. Dried crushed stems were subjected to impregnation with phosphoric acid (30, 40 and 50%) followed by pyrolysis at $400{\sim}500^{\circ}C$ with final washing and drying. Obtained carbons were characterized by determining: carbon yield, ash content, slurry pH, textural properties and capacity to remove color bodies from factory-grade sugar liquor. Produced carbons possessed surface area up to 700 $m^2/g$, total pore volumes up to 0.37 $cm^3/g$, and proved to be microporous in nature. Decolorization of hot sugar liquor at $80^{\circ}C$ showed degrees of color removal of 60 up to 77% from initial color of 1100~1300 ICU, at a carbon dose of 1.0 g/100 ml liquor. No correlation seems to hold between synthesis conditions and % R but depends on the degree of microporosity. A commercial activated carbon N showed a comparative better color removal capacity of 91%. Common reed proved to be a viable carbon precursor for production of good adsorbing carbon suitable for decolorization in the sugar industry, as well as in other environmental remediation processes.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제9권7호
• /
• pp.219-229
• /
• 2022

This study aims to analyze the economies of scale of the cottage industry for coconut sugar production in Banyumas, Indonesia. This study applies a survey method to coconut sugar craftsmen. Data analysis was performed by regression analysis based on the Cobb-Douglas production function approach. The findings indicated that decreasing returns to scale was a problem for the domestic production of coconut sugar. These findings show that the production of coconut sugar is not very productive. Labor and financial capital inputs have a significant positive share but the resulting increase in output is less proportional than the increase in the two inputs. Social capital, experience, and education do not affect industrial performance. To increase input productivity and production efficiency, it is necessary to apply more effective production techniques and technologies to produce quality products so that the selling price can be higher. Additionally, it is required to enhance the sap's quality through its extraction methods and the regrowth of high-yielding coconut tree varieties. From the institutional aspect, the development of this industry requires stronger partnerships with related parties such as local governments, exporting companies, cooperatives, and universities through research and development.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
• /
• pp.1133-1133
• /
• 2001

Fruit sweetness, as indexed by total soluble solids (TSS), and fruit acidity are key factors in the description of the fruit eating quality. Our group has been using short wave NIR spectroscopy (SW-NIR; 700-1100 nm) in combination with chemometric methods (PLS and MLR) for the non-invasive determination of the fruit eating quality (1,2). In order to further improve calibration performance, we have investigated SW-NIR spectra of sucrose and D-glucose. In previous reports on the band assignment for these sugars in the 1100-2500 nm spectral region (3-7), it has been established that change in concentration, temperature and physical state of sugars reflects on the shape and position of the spectral bands in the whole NIR region(5-7). The effect of change in concentration and temperature of individual sugar solutions and sugar spiked Juice samples was analysed using combined spectroscopic (derivative, difference, 2D spectroscopy) and linear regression chemometric (PLS, MLR) techniques. The results have been compared with the spectral data of a range of fruit types, varying in TSS content and temperature. In the 800-950 nm spectral region, the B-coefficients for apples, peaches and nectarines resemble those generated in a calibration of pure sucrose in water (Fig. 1). As expected, these fruits exhibit better calibration and prediction results than those in which the B-coefficients were poorly related to those for sugar.(Figure omitted).

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제55권5호
• /
• pp.629-637
• /
• 2017

식료품 가공 산업에서 분진폭발사고가 자주 발생하고 있으며 배관이나 장치 내의 화염전파에 의한 폭발피해가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 다양한 분체특성으로 인하여 활용 가능한 화재폭발특성자료가 적다는 문제가 있다. 사고발생 빈도가 높고 사회적 수요가 많은 설탕, 옥수수, 밀가루의 발화 위험성과 폭발특성을 실험적으로 조사하였다. 설탕, 옥수수, 밀가루 분진의 평균입경은 27.56, 14.76, $138.5{\mu}m$로 나타났으며 이러한 분체조건에서 열중량분석(TGA) 및 시차주사열량계(DSC)를 사용하여 발화온도를 조사하였다. 최대폭발압력($P_m$) 및 폭발지수는($K_{st}$) 각각 7.6, 7.6, 6.1 bar 및 153, 133, 61 [$m{\cdot}bar/s$]로서 분진폭발 위험성은 설탕이 가장 높고 밀가루가 가장 작았다. 또한 분진폭발 시의 화염전파로 인한 피해확대 위험성을 평가하기 위하여 분진화염전파의 소요시간을 계산하였으며 화염전파로 인한 폭발피해 위험성은 설탕, 밀가루, 옥수수 분진의 순으로 높았다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제42권2호
• /
• pp.177-183
• /
• 2014

본 연구에서는 거대해조류 중 갈조류에 속하는 모자반으로부터 환원당 및 platform chemicals로 알려진 levulinic acid의 생산을 위하여 묽은 산 촉매를 이용한 수열가수분해법을 수행하였다. 반응조건의 최적화를 위하여 반응표면분석법을 적용하였다. 모자반으로부터 환원당과 levulinic acid의 생성에 미치는 반응인자들의 영향 및 상호작용을 알아본 결과, 실험조건 내에서 반응온도, 촉매농도, 반응시간이 낮거나 짧을수록 많은 양의 환원당이 생성되었다. 반면에 높은 반응온도와 촉매농도에서 levulinic acid 농도가 증가하였고, 일정 반응시간 이후에는 크게 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 환원당 생성에 있어서 최적의 반응조건은 반응온도 $160.1^{\circ}C$, 촉매농도 1.0%, 그리고 반응시간 20.2분의 조건에서 15.28 g/l가 생성되었다. 또한 $189.5^{\circ}C$, 2.93%, 48.8분의 조건에서 2.65 g/l의 levulinic acid를 얻었다. 이러한 결과는 해양자원 중 거대 해조류로부터 당과 platform chemicals을 확보할 수 있는 가능성을 제시함으로써 화석자원의 대체에 활용할 기본정보를 제공하고자 하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제44권12호
• /
• pp.1865-1872
• /
• 2015

본 연구에서는 당류 저감화에 대한 소비자의 인식 및 태도분석을 통해 국가 및 관련 산업체들이 우리 국민의 당류 섭취를 줄이고 당류 적정 섭취 수준을 유지시키기 위한 가이드라인을 제시할 수 있도록 하는 데 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 당류 저감화 식품의 이용 경험에 대해서는 절반 이상의 소비자가 이용 경험이 있었고, 당 함량을 줄인 식품에 대한 인지가 비교적 높은 것으로 나타났다. 당류 저감화 식품 자체 내 정보표시가 대중매체나 주변인의 추천보다 소비자 인식 경로에 더 큰 영향을 미치고 당류 저감화 식품 구매에 있어 단맛과 같은 식품의 내적 요인보다는 건강과 같은 외적 요인이 더 큰 것으로 드러났다. 또한 당류 저감화 식품의 이용 경험이 없는 소비자가 당류 저감화 식품을 구매하지 않는 이유는 판매 경로의 부재와 같은 환경적 요인보다는 단맛과 같은 내적 요인이 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 대표적 당류식품인 탄산음료류와 초코쿠키류의 단맛에 대한 선호도와 당 함량 감소 시 단맛에 대한 수용도를 분석한 결과 초코쿠키류는 50% 이하 저감화한 단맛을 선호하는 소비자의 비율이 높은 반면, 탄산음료는 50% 이상을 저감화한 단맛을 더 선호한 소비자의 비율이 높았다. 한편 당 함량감소 시 단맛 수용도에 있어서는 두 당류 제품 모두 단맛을 50% 이상 저감화할 경우 수용 가능한 소비자의 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 두 제품군에 대한 당류 저감화 방향으로써 단맛과 당 성분에 대한 인식분석 결과 대부분의 소비자가 단맛을 감소시킬 때 설탕을 감소시키는 대신 천연 또는 인공감미료로 대체하는 방향을 선호하였다. 그러나 가정 내 음식 섭취 시 당류 저감화 방향에 대한 인식에서는 천연감미료나 인공감미료로 대체하는 방향보다는 설탕을 감소하는 방향을 선호하였다. 또한 연령별로 50~60대의 경우 당류 제품에 대해서는 설탕 감소를 선호하였지만 가정 내 식품 섭취 시에는 천연 또는 인공감미료 대체를 선호하여 당류 저감화 대상에 따른 인식의 차이점을 파악할 수 있었다. 당류 저감화 식품의 가격수용성 분석 결과 기존의 시판 제품보다 가격에 대한 부담이 더 클 경우에도 절반 이상의 소비자가 수용 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 이때 수용가격의 상승 범위는 10~14% 수준이 적절한 것으로 나타났다. 당류 저감화 식품의 필요성과 향후 구매의사에 대해서는 전반적으로 긍정적이었으나, 현재 외식 시 당류 섭취 저감화를 위해 노력하고 있는 것보다는 향후 당류 섭취 조절 의사에 대해 더 긍정적인 태도를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 50~60대가 20대와 30~40대보다 더 적극적이며 20대 소비자의 태도가 가장 소극적인 것으로 나타났다. 향후 연구에서는 본 연구에 제시 된 당류 제품 이외 다양한 종류의 당류 제품을 대상으로 당류 제품 섭취 실태에 대한 조사를 병행하여 연구 결과의 일반화에 대한 타당도를 높일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.939-947
• /
• 2009

In order to produce vinegar using onions, 12 acetic acid bacteria were screened from the juice of fallen peaches, and a strain showing the highest acetic acid productivity among them was selected and identified as Acetobacter tropicalis No. 22. The culture broth containing 2.5%(w/v) of initial sugar concentration showed maximum acetic production after 10 days of cultivation, and the acetic acid was produced at the highest rate and reached the maximum acidity after 2 to 6 days of cultivation when the residual sugar and the ethanol concentration were in the range of 1.6 to 2%(w/v) and 0.6 to 1.8%(v/v), respectively. Also optimum conditions for acetic acid production by response surface method using the fractional factorial design with 3 variables and 5 levels were involved with initial ethanol content of 4.67%(v/v), initial acidity of 0.03%, and initial glucose concentration of 2.35%(w/v) and predicted level of acetic acid production at these conditions was 3.77%.