• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.105-113
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• 2018

In this study, optimized pre-treatment conditions were investigated to improve the quality of gochujang apple jangachi. The moisture content was decreased by 14% in 60% sugar solution and 17% in 30% salt solution during 12 hours. On the one hand, in the case of dry sugar and salt method, moisture content was decreased rapidly by 20% and 24%, respectively during 12 hours. Compared with the sugar and salt solution method, the dry sugar and salt method was more effective in reducing moisture content during 12 hours. In the case of osmotic dehydration of the apple parts in the dry sugar method, the moisture content of the flesh, flesh including peel, and peel of apple decreased by 23%, 20%, and 16%, respectively during 6 hours. However, in the dry salt method, the moisture content of the flesh, flesh including peel, and peel of apple decreased by 19%, 12% and 13%, respectively during 2 hours. During this time, the pH tended to decrease, regardless of the presence of sugar and salt. Total acidity was slightly increased in the case of salt. In hot air drying after osmotic dehydration, the moisture content of flesh including peel of apple decreased from 64% and 67% to 31% and 27%, respectively at 90 minutes, and from 64% and 67% to 11% and 18% at 150 minutes, respectively. The moisture content of the peel decreased from 51% to 10% at 120 minutes. As a result of the sensory evaluation, the overall acceptance of the flesh and flesh including peel was highly evaluated, resultantly, the products were considered to be suitable for the production of gochujang apple jangachi.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to establish the most favorable processing method for soybean Dasik. Factors were kind of sugar (honey, syrup, oligo sugar), amount of sugar (50 g, 60 g, 70 g) and number of kneading (20 times, 30 times, 40 times). Physical characteristics were measured by moisture content, color difference and texture. Moisture content was increased in order of honey, oligo sugar and syrup. Lightness of soybean Dasik was different with amount of sugar. The tendency of L value and b value were dominent by honey. Lightness, redness and yellowness had no difference with the kind of sugar and number of kneading. Hardness was not a significant factor. Springiness was significantly different by the kind and amount of sugar. Cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness was influenced by the kind and amount of sugar, the interaction of kind and amount of sugar.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2012

The effects of variable moisture content, screw speed and barrel temperature on the physicochemical properties of red ginseng powder extrudates were investigated. The raw red ginseng powders were processed in a co-rotating intermeshing twin-screw extruder. Primary extrusion variables were feed moisture content (20 and 30%), screw speed (200 and 250 rpm) and barrel temperature (115 and $130^{\circ}C$). Extruded red ginseng showed higher crude saponin contents (6.72~7.18%) than raw red ginseng (5.50%). Tested extrusion conditions did not significantly affect the crude saponin content of extrudates. Increased feed moisture content resulted in increased bulk density, specific length, water absorption index (WAI), breaking strength, elastic modulus and crude protein content and decreased water solubility index (WSI) and expansion (p<0.05). Increased barrel temperature resulted in increased total sugar content, but decreased reducing sugar content in the extrudate (p<0.05). Furthermore, increased barrel temperature resulted in increased amino acid content and specific length and decreased expansion and bulk density of extrudates only at a higher feed moisture content. The physicochemical properties of extrudates were mainly dependent on the feed moisture content and barrel temperature, whereas the screw speed showed a lesser effect. These results will be used to help define optimized process conditions for controlling and predicting qualities and characteristics of extruded red ginseng.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 1978

This study was carried out to determine the proper transplanting time of Platanus occidentalis L. (plane tree, sycamore) with 5 to 6 cm and 25 to 30 cm in diameter of breast height at the forest nursery of Chonnam National University in 1977. For that purpose, the experiment of the time of transplantation, and the moisture content and soluble sugar were analysed. The results are as follows: 1. Both its rooting and growth were slightly different in the period of January to early April (before bud-break), but remarkably declined after its bud-break (mid-April to May). 2. And also, its moisture content and soluble sugar were slightly different (January to early April), but, on the other hand, considerably increased in the content of moisture and sharply decreased in soluble sugar after bud-break (mid-April to May). 3. In comparision with healthy trees, rooting and growth of trees infected with Cankers were unusually retarded and its moisture content and soluble sugar were much less. 4. The proper time to plant sycamore was recognized to be the period of November to March, since the higher amounts of soluble sugar and the lesser amounts of moisture in that period. 5. The sudden exposure to the sun of the boles of diseased and wounded trees could be in death in case of sun-scald on the side of south-west. 6. Pruning wounds should be treated with an antiseptic, as soon as they are made, to prevent entrance of decay or disease while the wound is healing. 7. The wound and sun-scald can be presented by covering the trunk with straw ropes before transplantations.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 1981

The effect of sugars, mixing ratio between a sugar and ginseng extract, and moisture content on the physical properties of ginseng tea granules such as water sorption and coagulation phase were investigated The physical Properties of granule were significantly affected by the moisture cogent, a kind of sugars and amount of ginseng extract used in the preparation. The granules contained less than 1.0%moisture and 14.0% of ginseng extract were not affected on the properties, however, it was significantly affected when the moisture content was 1.5 ${\pm}$ 0. 2 % and the ginseng extract was more than 18%. In the preparation with simple sugar, it was significantly decreased water sorption and coagulation phase when lactose used instead of anhydrous glucose. It was also observed that the Properties were decreased as the amount of lactose increased in the preparation of granules with mixing sugars.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.622-629
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of replacing sucrose with sugar alcohols (sorbitol, glycerol and xylitol) on the quality properties of semi-dried jerky. Total 7 treatments of jerkies were prepared as follows: control with sucrose, and treatments with 2.5 and 5.0% of sucrose replaced by each sugar alcohol, respectively. Drying yield, pH, water activity, moisture content, shear force, myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value, sugar content, and sensory evaluation were evaluated. Xylitol slightly decreased the pH when compared to the other sugar alcohols (p>0.05). The water activity of the semi-dried jerky was significantly reduced by treatment with glycerol and xylitol (p<0.05). The moisture content of semi-dried jerky containing various sugar alcohols was significantly higher than that of the control (p<0.05), while replacing sucrose with glycerol yielded the highest moisture content. The shear force of semi-dried jerky containing sugar alcohols was not significantly different for the sorbitol and glycerol treatments, but that replacing sucrose with 5.0% xylitol demonstrated the lowest shear force (p<0.05). The TBARS values of semi-dried jerkies with sugar alcohols were lower than the control (p<0.05). The sugar content of the semi-dried jerkies containing sorbitol and glycerol were lower than the control and xylitol treatment (p<0.05). In comparison with the control, the 5.0% xylitol treatment was found to be significantly different in the sensory evaluation (p<0.05). In conclusion, semi-dried jerky made by replacement with sugar alcohols improved the quality characteristics, while xylitol has applicability in manufacturing meat products.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.480-488
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine gain the most desirable mixture ratio for the ingredients of Backhapbyung. Sensory examination and mechanical test were conducted on the texture, water contents and color degree of Backhapbyung with various ratios of liliibulbs powder and sugar added to nonglutinous rice flour. The results of sensory evaluation showed that Backhapbyung composed of put 8% (24g) liliibulbs powder, 40g sugar, 40ml water and 276g nonglutinous rice flour had the highest overall score in terms of acceptability, after-swallowing and taste of flavor, and overall quality preference. Overall among the recipes tested, that with 6% (24g) liliibulbs powder, 40g sugar, 40 ml water and 282g nonglutinous rice flour showed the highest marks in springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness. The moisture content was 33.54% nonglutinous rice flour, and 11.8% liliibulbs powder. The overall quality of sensory examination for bitterness was positively correlated with the hardness of sensory examination and the mechanical examination for adhesiveness. The overall quality of sensory examination for chewiness was positively correlated with the moistness of sensory examination and the mechanical examination for cohesiveness. From the above results, the best mixture ratio of Backhapbyung, with a moisture content of 37.18%, is 8% (24g) of liliibulbs powder, 40g sugar, 40ml water, and 3g salt and 276g nonglutinous rice flour.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.255-268
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• 2001

This study aimed for exploring the best recipe of Seosokbyung with different ingredient ratios of glutinous millet flour, sugar, and water added to rice flour. The most desirable recipe was determined by sensory evaluation and mechanical test for measuring texture, moisture content and colorimetry. The best score for each sensory item was obtained in the following condition: Color-245g(70%) of glutinous millet flour, 50g of sugar with 10$m\ell$ of water in 105g of rice flour. Flavor-l75g(50%) of glutinous millet flour with a 80$m\ell$of honey in 175g of rice flour. Graininess and Moistness-245g(70%) of glutinous millet flour with 70$m\ell$ of honey in 105g of rice flour. Chewiness-2I0g(60%) of glutinous millet flour, 60g of sugar with 20$m\ell$ of water in 140g of rice flour. Sweetness-l75g (50%) of glutinous millet flour 7g of sugar with 25$m\ell$ of water in 175g of rice flour. As a result of mechanical examination, the best score for springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess, adhesiveness was obtained in the recipe of 175g (50%) of glutinous millet flour with 80$m\ell$ of sugar in 175g of rice flour, and that for hardness in the one of 245g (70%) of glutinous millet flour with 70$m\ell$ of honey in rice flour As the less amount of glutinous millet flour was added, the scores for springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and adhesiveness were increased, and the addition of honey gave higher scores than sugar or oligosaccharide(P<0.05) The best recipe of Seosokbyung was 140g of rice flour, 2 l0g of glutinous millet flour, 60g of sugar, 20$m\ell$ of water and 3.5g of salt. The moisture contents of rice flour and glutinous millet flour were 31.6% and 13.3%, respectively. The content of moisture in the best recipe of the Seosokbyung is approximately 36.101%. The moisture content higher than 36% gave better sensory scores in chewiness and moistness. As a result of colorimetry, the most bright ‘L’value(Lightness) was obtained from 175g of rice flour mixed with 175g (50%) of glutinous millet flour, 70g of sugar and 25$m\ell$ of water. The highest ‘a’ value(Redness) was gained from 175g of rice flour mixed with 175g (50%) of glutinous millet flour and 80$m\ell$ of honey. The best ‘b’ value(Yellowness) was obtained from 140g of rice flour, 210g (60% of rice flour) of glutinous millet flour, 60g of sugar and 20$m\ell$ of water.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.584-587
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• 2020

The value of using rice flour processed into rice powder in preparing porridge was evaluated by measuring the moisture content, pH, total starch, reducing sugar, and color content. The moisture content of the rice flour and the pH of porridge made with rice flour were measured. Rice flour contained 77.55% moisture and the moisture content of the porridge made from rice flour processed into rice powder was 91.40 to 92.47%. The pH of rice flour porridge was acidic at 6.53 to 6.95. The color of the porridge was also measured. The L^* values ranged from 82.62 to 97.55, the a^* values ranged from -0.09 to 0.08, and the b^* values ranged from -2.74 to 1.91.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.98-105
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in physicochemical properties of apples pre-treated differently with salt and sugar for apple Jangachi. When salt was used, moisture content was decreased by 28.41% to 57.67% at 24 hours and maintained an average 56.92% after 24 hours. However, when sugar was used, moisture content decreased steadily to 41.14% (60h). The pH of the apple pre-treated with salt decreased from pH 4.42 to pH 3.63 at 12 hours. However, in the case of apples pre-treated with sugar, pH decreased from pH 4.52 to pH 4.19 after 48 hours, but was not statistically significant. Conversely, total acidity of apple pre-treated with salt increased from 11.46% to 0.35% during 72 hours. But total acidity of apple pre-treated with sugar decreased to 0.11% at 24 hours and maintained. Sugar content of apple pre-treated with salt increased to 33.1% at 12 hours and maintained. Conversely, in case of sugar pre-treatment, sugar content of apple pre-treated with sugar increased steadily to 45.12% at 72 hours. Salinity of apple pre-treated with salt increased sharply to 15.74% during 24 hours. Lightness ($L^*$) of apple pre-treated sugar was not different from the control group. But apple pre-treated salt decreased slightly. Yellowness ($b^*$) was higher than the control group regardless of pre-treatment group. Sensory evaluation revealed that sugar pre-treatment apples were highly evaluated for flavor, taste, chewiness and overall acceptance.