• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.263-268
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• 1978

To find out the possible variation in chemical composition among ginseng products, the amount of saponin, extract and other basic components in different age and portion of ginseng roots(Panax ginseng Meyer) were investigated and compared with. (1) Great difference in the amount of ash, crude protein, fiber, fat, total sugar and reducing sugar was observed among different portion of the root comparing with those of different age of the root. That of ash, crude fiber, saponin and extract produced was higher in epidermis, fiber roots and subterranean stems, while that of crude protein, total sugar, panaxadiol/panaxatriol was higher in central portion and branch of the root. (2) The amount of extract produced was affected by the solvent used. Higher amount was obtained when water was employed. It was decreased as the increase of the concentration of alcohol solvent. Futhermore, the composition and physical properties were greatly varied by the concentration of alcohol solvent. (3) The amount of total-N, $P_2O_5,\;K_2O$, and ash was higher in two to three years old roots, while those of crude $SiO_2,\;CaO,$ crude fiber, and total sugar was higher in order roots. No difference was found in amount of MgO, Fe, Zn, and Na among age of the root.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1986

To evaluate the possible utilization of ginseng by-products, chemical components of ginseng residue, reducing ability of DPPH, effect of residue extract on the yeast growth, amino acid contents of yeast cell, increase of residue extract yield by enzyme treatment were studied. Alcohol and water extract residue contained 43-46% total reducing sugar and 14-15% crude protein, while alcohol extract residue had 0.18% n-BuOH extract. Water extract of alcohol extract residue had about 45% reducing ability of DPPH in comparison with that of alcohol extract from ginseng roots. Essential nutrients for the yeast growth were found in extract when Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultured in Czapeck medium, a compound medium, with the residue. The addition of residue extract to malt medium, a natural medium, enhanced 30-40% yeast growth. And content of each amino acid in yeast cell cultured on malt medium with ginseng residue extract was much more than that of the cell cultured without ginseng extract, but amino acid composition of yeast cell did not differ from one another. The treatment of alcohol extract residue with cellulase increased 250% yield of residue extract.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.520-528
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• 2004

The effects of the substitution of sugar alcohol for sugar on the sensory properties of mulberry rice cake, 'Bbongseolgy', were evaluated in two phases. First, the relative sweetness of xylitol, erythritol and palatinose to the sucrose in the food systems were examined with paired comparison tests. Second, the sensory properties of the mulberry rice cake containing xylitol, erythritol and palatinose substitution for sugar at a sweetness level equal to sucrose were studied. Sensory analysis for the mulberry rice cake characteristics was conducted and consumer acceptability tests were performed. The physical properties of mulberry rice cake were also examined. The relative sweetness of xylitol, erythritol and palatinose, compared to sucrose, in the solid model food system were 1.00, 0.63 and 0.42, respectively. This result showed that the relative sweetness of xylitol, erythritol and palatinose to sugar was slightly lower than those in the liquid model food system, in which flavor did not influence the sweetness. Mulberry rice cake with erythritol or palatinose had very similar characteristics, with lower fracturability and tenderness, and higher moistness, compactness and chewiness compared to that with sucrose or xylitol. Mulberry rice cake with xylitol was significantly the most fracturable, grainy, and driest, and the least adhesive, among the samples. The consumer test showed no difference in overall acceptability among the samples and consumers perceived differences only in moistness, coarseness and compactness among the samples. Mulberry rice cake with erythritol was the most favored in many characteristics. These results indicate that erythritol substitution for sugar inmulberry rice cake is suitable as a low-calorie rice cake with beneficial functions to improve in the health and texture of the rice cake.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.373-377
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• 1990

Volatile components of whole sardine sauce which was prepared with $7\%$ of complex enzyme-2000($2.18{\cdot}10^4\;U/g solid$), mixed with $6\%$ of invert sugar and heated at $90^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours were compared with those of without invert sugar. Thirty seven kinds were identified from the whole volatile components of hydrolysate heated without invert sugar and fourty three kinds were identified from the hydrolysate heated with $6\%$ of invert sugar. Amines were not detected from the whole volatile components of the chopped whole sardine hydrolysate. Considerable amount of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran and 2-acetylpyrrole, a little amount of 2,5-hydrofuran, 2-ethylbutanol, 2-pyrone, 2-acetylfuran, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2-acetylpyrazine, 5-methyl-2-furfural, furfuryl acetate, butylpyrrole and 2-methyl-3-hydroxypyrone were detected in the hydrolysate thermally treated with $6\%$ of invert sugar while these were not found in the hydrolysate heated without invert sugar. But the amount of 2-methyt-1-propa-not, hexane, butyl acetate and butyl alcohol were decreased, and acetic acid and butanoic acid were detected as volatile fatty acids.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.367-371
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• 2005

This study analyzed the extraction condition for large-scale extraction process to be used industrially. The total sugar content of 5-year Red ginseng in viewpoint of the ginseng materials was highest by $32\%$ and it of 5-year Keumsan ginseng was $31\%$. Therefore 5-year Keumsan ginseng was used by test sample. The next extraction condition, that is the total sugar content of the internal white among the parts of ginseng, the extraction efficiency under the condition of optimal temperature $80^{\circ}C$ and optimal extract time 6hrs, was highest. And the amount of total sugar extracted from ginseng treated with protease, ${\alpha}-amylase$ and cellulase was increased about $20\%$. Total sugar recovery in methods of alcohol concentration $70\%$ and freezer-dry method was highest.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.48-56
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• 1989

Fermentation characteristics of Jerusalem Artichoke of yeast K.fragilis CBS 1555 were investigated experimentally and quantitatively according to the change of initial sugar concentrations and initial PHs of fermentation broth. Initial sugar concentrations employed were 26, 45, 65, 105, 180, and 215g/1. And initial PHs of fermentation broth were 3, 5.5, 7 and 9. The maximum specific growth rate was observed as 0.4hr-1 at 65g/1 of initial sugar concentration. The maximum specific alcohol production rate was 1.68g/ghr at 105g/1 of initial sugar concentration Cell yield and ethanol yield represent the maximum values such as 0.14 and 0.49 respectively when the initial sugar concentration was 25g/1. The maximum of ethano1 fermentability, 97% was obtained at the initial concentrations, 26 and 45g/1. However, the maximum of total ethanol yield productivity was 2.78g/1hr when the initial concentration was 215g/1. And also the optimum PH was found 5.5 for both specific growth rate and specific alcohol production rate.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.543-547
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• 2006

In order to improve wine quality, the selection of yeast strain and of additives in the manufacture of Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) wine was investigated. The chemical composition of the edible portions of Bokbunja fruits was 86.5% moisture, 0.2% crude protein, 0.9% crude fat, 6.6% crude fiber, 0.5% ash and $10^{\circ}Brix$ sugar, and was 2.99% fructose, 2.53% glucose and 0.07% sucrose in fruit extract. The predominant organic acids in the fruit were citric acid (14.57 mg/mL) and malic acid (2.24 mg/mL) with smaller amounts of shikimic, pyroglutamic and oxalic acid. During fermentation, citric and malic acid levels decreased, while formic and acetic acid were released. Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 12224 (Sc-24) was more favorable for alcoholic fermentation of Bokbunja and the addition of 200 ppm of potassium metabisulphite to must was more efficient than other $SO_2$ sources with a higher overall acceptability score. Sc-24 increased alcohol production from 9.8 to 14.8% in a sugar concentration dependent manner $(18-28^{\circ}Brix)$. The color value of early stage Bokbunja must was improved by supplementing with Japanese apricot extract, but this did not influence the color value of Bokbunja wine after primary fermentation. The astringent taste of Bokbunja wine was reduced by removing the seed from the fruit. Sugar solution (50%, w/v) was used instead of sugar power to prevent the possibility of undissolved sugar due to insufficient mixing. This substitution did not influence sensory evaluation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.153-158
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• 2012

The characteristics of the narirutin-added alcohol fermentation of citrus hydrolysates were investigated to produce functionally improved citrus wine. The pH of narirutin-added citrus wine ranged from 3.38 to 3.51, and the titratable acidity was about 0.55% which show no significant differences attributable to the narirutin quantity. With regard to the color and brown color, with the addition of more narirutin, the a value was decreased while the b value and brown color increased. The sugar content decreased from 24 to 8.0-8.5 $^{\circ}Brix$ after alcohol fermentation, and the alcohol content appeared to be between 14.5 and 14.6% in all the sections. For the free sugar contents, the glucose and fructose contents were relatively high in every section. For the total polyphenol content, it was shown to increase when more narirutin was added. and the 2%-narirutin-added section showed the highest polyphenol content(46.44 mg%). The results of sensory evaluation were that the color, flavor and bitterness increased while the sweetness and overall acceptability were reduced by the additional narirutin. Functionally improved citrus wine can be produced by using narirutin, but more researches regarding quality improvement should be carried out to overcome the bitterness.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.12
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• pp.53-56
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• 1969

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of alcohols and carbohyrates upon heat resistance of the amylase produced by Bacillus subtilis var. M-181. The results obtained are as follows: 1) Alcohols showed the effects of increasing heat resistance in the order of glycerin, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, ethanol and methanol, while higher monohydroxy alcohol and dipropylene glycol affected reversely. 2) Inositol affected on heat resistance of the amlase better than sugar alcohols which effects were in the order of mannitol, dulcitol and sorbitol. 3) Monosaccharides affected on heat resistance of the amylase in the order of mannose, galactose, xylose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose and fructose. 4) Among oligosaccharides, the effects of increasing heat resistance were recognized in the order of melibiose, lactose, maltose and sucrose. 5) Polysaccharides showed the effects of increasing heat resistance in the order of glycogen, soluble starch and dextrin, while the effects of inulin were not recognized.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.431-437
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• 2015

In this study, high-acidity cider vinegar (HACV) was produced by alcoholic and acetic acid fermentation of apple concentrate without any nutrients and then the optimum alcohol concentration was determined through a qualitative study. HACV was fermented with different initial alcohol concentrations (6-9%) during the process of acetic acid fermentation. The highest content of reducing sugar, organic acids, and free amino acids was observed at 6% of initial alcohol concentration. Approximately 20 types of volatile compounds were identified by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and GC-MS. The total volatile content was the highest at 6% of initial alcohol concentration, and the acid content was the lowest at 9% of the initial alcohol concentration. The HACV produced by a two-stage fermentation process was qualitatively better than commercial HACV presenting the highest value at 6% of initial alcohol concentration. Malic acid, aspartic acid, and hexyl acetate were selected as quality index components of HACV production by two-stage fermentation on the basis of correlation between their physicochemical properties and the sensory attributes of HACV.