• 약학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.495-505
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• 1995

The O/W microemulsion systems were made from 2 or 4% (w/w) oil (soybean oil, olive oil or isopropyl myristate) and 10, 15 or 20% (w/w) Brij 96. They were compared with micellar solution of equivalent surfactant concentration m therms of physicochemical properties, and the solubilization of sudan IV. They were characterized by dynamic light scattering, stability, surface tension, viscosity and rheogram. The mean diameters of O/W microemulsion systems were 10-15nm, and those of Brij 96 micellar solutions were 18-19 nm. Both of them were monodisperse systems. The O/W microemulsion systems showed Newtonian flow and their apparent viscosities were lower than those of micellar solutions. The surface tensions of O/W microemulsion systems were increased or decreased depending on the types of oil used, when compared with those of micellar solutions. The O/W microemulsion systems were very stable, and did not show any flocculation or aggregation. Their mean diameters were not changed after three months. But oxidation was observed in microemulsions without nitrogen gas at high temperature. There was a significant improvement in the sudan IV solubffimtion in micromulsion compared with that m the micellar solution containing equivalent concentration of surfactant. The size distribution and mean diameters of O/W micromulsions were not changed when sudan IV was solubilized.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.279-279
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• 1996

Sudan IV는 2시간 관류시키는 동안 약 30%의 농도감소를 보였다 Sudan IV자체는 물에 녹지않고 리포솜에 의해서 가용화 되는 물질이기 때문에 관류액중에서 리포솜으로부터 release out되지 않는다. 따라서 situation I의 가능성은 희박하며 또 그 자체로는 물에 거의 녹지않아 흡수되지 않을 것으로 예상되는 물질이므로 Sudan IV의 관류액으로부터의 소실은 곧바로 situation II를 반영할 것이다. 또 리포솜의 구성물질인 PC역시 관류액중에서 농도감소를 나타내었는데 이로부터 난용성약물을 봉입한 리포솜이 어떻게 장관으로 흡수되는 지 예상할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.375-381
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• 2008

식품에 사용이 금지된 허용 외 색소 중 Orange II, Rhodamine B, Para red, Sudan I-IV 색소의 효율적인 수입식품 안전관리와 수용성 착색료 및 지용성 착색료로 이원화되어 있는 허용 외 착색료의 신속하고 정확한 분석을 위하여 동시 분석법을 개발하고자 하였다. 문헌조사를 바탕으로 분석을 위한 컬럼, 이동상 조건, 분석파장, 전처리 조건 등을 검토하여 분석법을 개발하였으며, 개발된 분석법의 검출한계 설정, 유효성 검증 및 회수율을 검토하였다. 26가지 제품에 대한 회수율 검토결과 Orange II는 96.46-121.26%, Rhodamine B는 70.86-106.53%, Para red는 97.00-116.86%, Sudan I은 92.93-112.44%, Sudan II는 96.63-115.10%, Sudan III는 92.21-114.73%, Sudan IV는 93.22-122.91%의 회수율을 나타냈다. 본 분석법 검량선의 상관계수는 0.999 이상을 보였으며 정밀성의 RSD는 0.8-1.39%로서 모두 2 이하의 값을 보였으며, 정확성은 90% 이상을 나타냈다. 이때, 검출한계 및 정량한계는 각각 0.1 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L로 결정하였다.

• 약학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.234-238
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• 1988

Proliposome of Sudan IV was prepared according to Payne et al. and evaluated for it's size distribution, surface characteristics and conversion to liposome in aqueous medium. The manufacturing procedures for proliposomes involve the coating of phospholipid solution with Sudan IV on the surface of sorbitol particle in rotary vacuum evaporator. As a result, dry, free flowing and stable proliposome was obtained and multi-lamellar liposome of sudan IV was formed spontaneously when water were added to this. Proliposomes were expected as a probable answer for the physical instability of conventional liposomes.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.549-552
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• 2004

본 연구는 식품 중 식품에 사용이 불가한 수단 1호, 2호, 3호 및 4호 등 4종의 유용성 색소에 대한 안전성 확보 및 효율적 품질관리를 위해 박층크로마토그래피 (TLC)와 고속액체 크로마토그래피 (HPLC-PDA)를 이용한 정성, 정량분석법을 확립하고자 수행하였다. $C_{18}$-silica를 사용하여 methanol : water(95 : 5)으로 전개하였을 때 수단색소들의 R$_{f}$ 값은 0.27～0.59로 산출되었다. HPLC-PDA를 이용하여 water와 acetonitrile용매를 사용하여 분석한 결과 20분내에 모두 분리되었으며 검량선의 농도 범위는 0.1 ∼ 100.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 고춧가루, 김치 및 깍두기 등 식품을 대상으로 적용한 결과, 회수율은 고춧가루에서는 85.84∼96.95%, 김치에서는 86.24∼104.30%, 깍두기에서는 83.02∼99.93%의 양호한 결과를 얻었으며 , 검출한계는 수단 1호 및 2호는 0.01 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, 수단3호 및 4호는 0.02 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2002

Injectable gel composed of egg phosphatidylcholine (egg PC), hyaluronate (HA) and water was formulated for local drug delivery. The lamellar liquid crystalline structure of the egg PC/water system did not change by adding HA in the formulation. However, egg PC/HA/water gel was more resistant to erosion than the egg PC/water gel. The egg PC/HA/water and egg PC/water gels containing model drugs, tetracycline and sudan IV were prepared to perform in vitro and in vivo drug release experiments. In vitro release of tetracycline was sustained in the gel type formulations. The release rate of hydrophobic sudan IV was extremely slow. More than 99% of sudan IV remained inside the gel after 5 days. In vivo release of drugs from the air pouch model in Balb/c mice shows that lipophilic sudan IV remained for more than 10 days whereas tetracycline remained for 1 day in the pouch. The compatibility of the gels was also examined by histopathology. The gels did not cause any adverse inflammatory effect in the air pouch.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2015

Pitches contained in thermomechanical pulp negatively influence paper qaulity and pulp and papermaking process. Without controlling TMP pitches suitably, it is hard to make a certain quality of paper. In order to control pitches in TMP, they must be quantitatively recognized by proper tools. One of the most widely used way to detecting TMP pitches is a staining method using a hydrophobic dye such as Sudan IV. Sudan IV could be used with three different protocols including different application of its dissolution, washing, dyeing time, etc. The dyeing protocols were classified into three categories including Stain I, Stain II, and Stain III. In dyeing time, Stain I required more than 24 hours to dye pitches. On the other hand, Stain III could stain TMP pitches with the most brief way. The images of red-stained pitches could be captured by a stereomicroscope with ${\times}35$ and ${\times}45$ magnifications, and then quantitatively analysed measuring their numbers and areas by Carl Zeiss AxioVision (ver. 4.8.2) program. Among three protocols, both Stain I and Stain III were the most ideal methods to detect TMP pitches because they detected more pitches and bigger pitch areas compared to Stain II against the same specimen. In particular, it was recognized that Stain III could be used as the most useful tool to detect TMP pitches accurately within several minutes.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.212-218
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• 2016

The research was conducted windward of an irrigated Acacia amplicips Maslin windbreak established to protect As Salam Cement Plant from winds and moving sands. Two belts with approximate optical porosities of 50% and 20% were studied in River Nile State, Sudan. The research aimed at assessing the efficiency of the two belts in wind speed reduction and sand deposition. Research methods included: (i) estimation of optical porosity, (ii) measurements of windward wind speeds at a control and at distances of 0.5 h (h stands for windbreak height), 1 h and 2 h at two vertical levels of 0.25 h and 0.5 h, (iii) estimation of relative wind speeds at the three positions (distance and height) at windward and (iv) estimation of wind erosive forces and prediction of zones of sand deposition. Results show that while the two belts reduced windward wind speeds at the two levels for the three distances, belt II was more effective. Nearest sand deposition occurred at 2 h and 1h windward of belt II and belt I, respectively, at level 0.25 h. At level 0.5 h, sand was deposited only at 2 h windward of belt II and no sand deposition occurred windward of belt I. The study concludes that less porous windbreaks are more effective in reducing wind speed and in depositing sand in windward direction at a distance of not less than twice the belt height.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.72.1-72
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• 2003

Generally, plants defend themselves against pathogens by structural and biochemical reactions. Defense structures act as physical barriers and inhibit the pathogen from gaining entrance and spreading through the plant. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv glycines, the causal pathogen of bacterial pustule of soybean, causes hypersensitive response (HR). When pepper fruits were inoculated with X. axonopodis pv. glycines, in situ, time-series defense-related structural changes occurred in the inoculated sites. Early responses were programmed cell death (PCD), characterized by condensation and vacuolization of the cytoplasm, condensation of nuclear materials, and fragmentation of the nuclear DNA, which were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Nuclear fragmentation was proven by TUNEL method under confocal laser scanning microscopy and DNA laddering through eletrophoresis. At later stages, plant responses were cell elongation and cell division, forming a periderm-like boundary layer that demarcated healthy tissues from the inoculation sites. Using several stains such as toluidine blue, sudan IV, annexin V, and phloroglucinol-HCl, defense-related materials and structural changes were also examined.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

본 연구는 인천항으로 유입되는 휴대농산물의 안전성 확보를 위하여 휴대량 초과로 인천본부세관에 유치되는 농산물 등을 검사하였다. 수거 검체는 건고추절편 또는 고춧가루, 곡류, 종실류, 콩류, 견과류, 한약재원료, 참기름 등 총 293건을 대상으로, 품목별로 잔류농약, 곰팡이수, 타르색소, 수단색소 I, II, III, IV, 아플라톡신, 납, 카드뮴, 수은, 비소, 잔류이산화황 분석을 실시하였다. 1. 건고추절편 또는 고춧가루는 잔류농약 동시다성분분석, 곰팡이수, 타르색소, 수단색소 I, II, III, IV 검사를 실시하였고 이중 곰팡이수와 타르색소에서 부적합이 있었다. 2. 종실류는 타르색소 검사에서 불검출이었고, 콩류와 견과류의 아플라톡신 검사결과도 불검출이었다. 3. 곡류는 납, 카드뮴, 수은의 중금속 검사와 흑미의 경우 타르색소 검사를 추가하였고, 쌀 2건, 찹쌀, 율무, 조에서 각 1건씩 납 기준을 초과하였다. 4. 한약재 원료는 납, 카드뮴, 수은, 비소, 잔류이산화황 검사에서 대추 2건과 건강 3건에서 잔류이산화황이 기준을 초과하였고, 건강 1건에서 카드뮴이 부적합하였다. 5. 추석 전에 대거 유입된 참기름의 규격검사 결과는 모두 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 6. 총 293건의 휴대농산물 가운데 건고추 절편 또는 고춧가루 78건, 곡류 5건, 한약재 5건 등 88건에서 규격기준을 초과하여 30% 부적합율을 나타내었다. 시험항목 중에서는 곰팡이수 부적합 76건, 타르색소 1 건, 곰팡이수와 타르색소 동시부적합 1건, 납 5건, 잔류이산화황 4건, 잔류이산화황과 카드뮴 동시부적합 1건으로 나타났다. 7. 중금속 측정결과는 곡류에서 $Pb\;0.000{\sim}0.740mg/kg(0.191{\pm}0.209),\;Cd\;0.000{\sim}0.108mg/kg(0.007{\pm}0.020),\;Hg\;0.000{\sim}4.201mg/kg(0.162{\pm}0.319)$으로 나타났으며, 한약재원료에서는 $Pb\;0.000{\sim}2.480mg/kg(1.130{\pm}0.730),\;Cd\;0.000{\sim}0.761mg/kg(0.044{\pm}0.122),\;Hg\;0.000{\sim}0.157mg/kg(0.022{\pm}0.033),\;As\;0.000{\sim}0.560mg/kg(0.040{\pm}0.082)$, 잔류이산화황은 $2.0{\sim}1459.4ppm(303.1{\pm}324.2)$으로 나타났다.