• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.357-363
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• 2013

Purpose: To investigate the visual function with prescription swimming goggles. Methods: 15 university students (mean age: $22{\pm}1.54$ years) participated, with a mean distance refractive error of RE: S-1.67 D/C-0.40 D, LE: S-1.70D/C-0.37 D. Inclusion criteria were no ocular pathology, able to wear soft contact lenses to correct their refractive error to emmetropia and able to swim. Participants were fitted with contact lenses to correct all ametropia. Subjective evaluation for satisfaction of visual acuity, asthenopia and balance were also measured using a questionnaire while wearing swimming goggles with cylinder (C+1.50 D, Ax $90^{\circ}$) compared with plano sphere outside the swimming pool area. Visual acuity was assessed using the same ETDRS chart. The prescription swimming goggles powers were assessed in random order and ranged in power from S+3.00 D to S-3.00 D in 0.50 D steps. Results: Subjective evaluation was significantly worse for the swimming goggles with cylinder than for the plano powered goggles for all 3 questions, visual acuity, asthenopia and balance. Visual acuity were significantly affected by the different power of the swimming goggles (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the in-air in-clinic and underwater in-swimming pool measures (p=0.173). However, visual acuity measured in the clinic was significantly better than underwater for some swimming goggle powers (+3.00, +1.00, +0.50, 0, -1.00 and -2.00 D). Conclusions: Wearing swimming goggles underwater may degrade the visual acuity compared to within air but as the difference is less than 1 line of Snellen acuity, and it is unlikely to result in significant real-life effects. Having an incorrect cylinder correction was found to be detrimental resulting in lower score of satisfaction. Considering slippery floor of swimming pool area, it can be a potential risk factor. Therefore, it is important to correct any refractive error in addition to astigmatism for swimming goggle.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.59-62
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the time-dependent changes of visual acuity after alcohol ingestion. Methods: Both the subjective and objective refraction, distant contrast sensitivity, and three needle tests were carried out at 1 and 3 hours after alcohol ingestion. Results: It was found that the degree of myoptization increased as the blood alcohol level increased in the range of average -0.25D ~ -0.35D when tested 1 and 3 hours after alcohol ingestion. Under the same test conditions the increase in blood alcohol resulted in the reduction in the function of dynamic stereopsis. However, the variation in contrast sensitivity was found to be insignificant for all spatial frequencies. Conclusions: The optician has to be well aware of the fact that alcohol could affect the visual acuity and functional tests, therefore inquiring of the alcohol ingestion prior to visual test can be necessary.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.25 no.3 s.39
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• pp.247-268
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• 1992

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of VDT work on eyes and vision among workers in a TV manufacturing plant. The study subjects consisted of 264 screen workers and 74 non-screen workers who were less than 40 years old male and had no history of opthalmic diseases such as corneal opacities, trauma, keratitis, etc and whose visual acuity on pre-employment health examination by Han's test chart was 1.0 or above. The screen workers were divided into two groups by actual time for screen work in a day : Group I, 60 workers, lesser than 4 hours a day and group II, 204 workers, more than 4 hours a day. From July to October 1992 a questionnaire was administered to all the study subjects for the general charateristics and subjective eye symptoms after which the opthalmologic tests such as visual acuity, spherical equivalent, lacrimal function, ocular pressure, slit lamp test, fundoscopy were conducted by one opthalmologist. The proportion of workers whose present visual acuity was decreased more than 0.15 in comparison with that on the pre-employment health examination by Han's test chart was 20.6% in Group II. 15.0% in Group I and 14.9% in non-screen workers. However, the differences in proportion were not statistically significant. The proportion of workers with decreased visual acuity was not associated with the age, working duration, use of magnifying glass and type of shift work (independent variables) in all of the three groups. However, screen workers working under poor illumination had a higher proportion of persons with decreased visual acuity than those working under adequate illumination (P<0.05) . The proportion of workers whose near vision was decreased was 27.5% in Group II, 18.3% in Group I, and 28.4% in non-screen workers and these differences in proportion were not statistically significant. Changes of near vision were not associated with 4 independent variables in all of the three groups. Six out of seven subjective eye symptoms except tearing were more common in Group I than in non-screen workers and more common in Group II than in Group I (P<0.01). Mean of the total scores for seven subjective symptoms of each worker(2 points for always, 1 point for sometimes, 0 point for never) was not significantly different between workers with decreased visual acuity and workers with no vision change. However, mean of the total scores for Group II was higher than those for the Group I and non-screen workers (P<0.01). Total eye symptom scores were significantly correlated with the grade of screen work, use of magnifying glass, and type of shift work. There was no independent variable which was correlated with the difference in visual acuity between the pre-employment health examination and the present state, the difference between far and near visions, lacrimal function, ocular pressure, and spherical equivalent. Multiple linear regression analysis for the subjective eye symptom scores revealed a positive linear relationship with actual time for screen work and shift work(P<0.01). In this study it was not observed that the VDT work decreased visual acuity but it induces subjective eye symptoms such as eye fatigue, blurred vision, ocular discomfort, etc. Maintenance of adequate illumination in the work place and control of excessive VDT work are recommended to prevent such eye symptoms.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-40
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• 2023

Background: Although not clarified, the overall prevalence of visual field loss after stroke was estimated at 52% of stroke survivors and for visual acuity loss, at 70% of them. Among visual field loss patients after stroke, homonymous hemianopia is the most common symptom. Visual defect degrades the quality of life by disrupting independent life and affecting the survival of the patients, but highly-evidenced treatment has not been found until now. ■Case report A 51-year-old female with left-side homonymous hemianopia and central vision loss by a right occipital-temporal hemorrhage was treated with Hyeolbuchukeo-tang, Ikgibohyeol-tang, acupuncture, electroacupuncture, and moxibustion. We used a confrontation visual field exam, automated perimetry and visual analog scale, and visual acuity test to observe changes in the patient's symptoms and evaluate the efficacy of the treatment. After 61 days of such interventions, the patient's subjective discomfort lessened, followed by positive changes in the scales of tests mentioned above. ■Conclusion This case suggests that combined Korean medicine treatment might be an effective tool for treating post-stroke homonymous hemianopia and central vision loss. More studies should be conducted to support the effectiveness of the treatment.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 2006

The study of the visual acuity and refraction status was performed to the students of primary school using eyeglasses in Kyung Nam region, Korea. Two hundred sixty three subjects with various styles of ametropia were analyzed the visual acuity and refraction examination by the subjective and objective tools. The results of study were as follows; 1) According to the increase of age of subjects, the visual acuity of binocular in naked eyes was decrease. However ametropia was increase. 2) The high frequency of ametropia types in the binocular was simple myopia, and the next order of high frequency was mixed astigmatism, myopic compound astigmatism, simple hyperopia, and hyperopic compound, respectively. 3) On the power of spherical refractive error of ametropia, the high frequency was -1.00 diopter, and the next order of high frequency was -2.00 diopter, +2.00 diopter, -3.00 diopter, and so on, respectively. 4) According to the increase of subjects ages, the changes of dioptric power of myopic spheric power was increase. however the frequency of the boy and girl was similar results, also the dioptric values of refractive status in binocular was similar results. As the results of this study, we conclude that the relationship of the visual acuity and refractive error status in primary students using eyeglasses was improved.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.311-318
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the prevalence rate of refractive error with gender and age presenting visual acuity of primary student in Jeonnam. Methods: Subjective refraction, objective refraction and visual acuity test were examined on 735 primary school children who ages of 8~13 years lived in Jenman. Presenting visual acuity test was using Han's visual acuity chart and objective refraction was carried out using auto-refractometer. Results: The presenting visual acuity was 0.1 worse in the eye of 54(7.3%) students and 49(7.3%) of them wearing the glasses. The rate of the wearing glasses were 79.3% in 0.125~0.25 visual acuity, 64.2% in 0.3~0.5 visual acuity and 61.6% in 0.6~0.8 visual acuity. It was appeared that 269(36.6%) of them were emmetropia, 321(43.7%) of them were myopia and 56(7.6%) of them were hyperopia, and 89(12.1%) of them were astigmatism. The prevalence rate of myopia was the highest and followed by the prevalence rate of astigmatism. The low degree of myopia occupied the most and the medium degree of myopia showed the tendency of increase as the students get olds. The prevalence rate of the hyperopia showed the tendency of decrease as the students get olds. The prevalence rate of with the rule astigmatism were 50.6% students and against the rule astigmatism were 48.3% of students. Conclusions: The present study reveals the considerable prevalence rates, 466(63.4%) of included subjects, of refractive errors among primary students in Jeonnam province. The rate of the wearing glasses were 313(42.6%). The prevalence of myopia increases as the students get older. Therefore students of visual management is considered necessary through the visual acuity test and refractive examination.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.113-117
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• 2008

Purpose: This study is to survey that uncomfortable feeling of visual acuity in the first wearing glasses, the number of visiting in age, above vision ranging and refractive errors, astigmatism, and anisometropia. Methods: Automatic refraction and naked visual acuity test executed to receive prescription glasses that the man 509 and women's 499 people visited for the first time, among 3~15 years old who visited an ophthalmoiogical hospital, from January to December, 2003. Results: The first wearing glasses started 3 years old and the most cases was 8~9 years old when they were visited visual acuity 0.5 to 0.7 in most cases. Refractive errors appeared 8 years old and its most plentifully with 20.4%, 92.2% was myopia and 5.2% was hyperopia for the man. Also cases of women was 91.9% for myopia and 5.1% for the hyperopia. Spherical equivalent power was S-1.50${\pm}$1.10D and appeared 62.3% for the low myopia. Astigmatism was appeared 44.6% for the with the rule astigmatism and 75% was cylinder power lower than 1.00D. Cases of simple astigmatism need to glass when was cylinder power C-1.37${\pm}$1.01D, and C-0.50D appeared most distribution. More than 2.00D anisometropia appeared 2.3% for the whole subjective. Conclusions: Of the first wearing glasses visual acuity is 0.5~0.7, spherical equivalent power is S-1.50${\pm}$1.10D, cylinder power of simple astigmatism is C-1.37${\pm}$1.01D.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 2001

To investigate the visual acuity of the primary school children. This study was researched visual acuity test using objective and subjective methods. 1. The eye types were 90.3% positive for myopia, 3.1% for emmetropia, 4.9% hyperopia, 1.7% for mired astigmatism. 2. The abnormal refraction eyes were 58.6% positive for simple myopia, 29.9% for myopic compound astigmatism, 5.1% for my optic simple astigmatism and 1.9% for simple hyperopia, 1.9% for hyperopic compound astigmatism, 1.3% for hyperopic simple astigmatism, 1.3% for mixed astigmatism. 3. The axis of astigmatism were 85.7% for astigmatism with-the-rule, 9.3% for astigmatism against-the-rule, 5.0% for astigmatism oblique. 4. On total myopic spheric power. the -0.50

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2001

The investigate of preschool children at 7-year-old at three kindergartens in Iksan was done by the naked visual acuity, the refractive state and cover-uncover test. Total 246 eyes were examined by the objective and subjective methods. The results were as follows: 1. Among the 246 eyes, the naked visual acuity of below the average 0.7 was 64 eyes(26%). 2. As to the distribution of refractive errors, myopic eyes and hyperopic eyes were 26.55% and 26.55%, respectively. 3. As to the type of astigmatisms, with the rule was 85.8%, against the rule was 8.9% and oblique was 5.3%. 4. The percentage of preschool children who had been tested was 13.8%. 5. In test none of children were the phoria.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2002

In order to investigate the situation of ocular disorders involving visual functions of elder in the Island area, the survey was carried out subjective methods on 228 persons(456 eyes) over the of 60. The analysis of data resulted in as follows : 1. Among the total 456 eyes, the ocular disorders was 54.8%. 2. The causes of ocular disorders with visual impairment ; Senile cataract(44.8%), Pterygium(55.2%) 3. Age distribution of cataract showed the sixties 46.4%, the seventies 37.5% and the eighties($80{\leq}$) 16.1%. 4. As to the distribution corrected visual acuity in cataract ; 0.1 below(8.9%). 0.1~0.3(14.3%), 0.4~0.6(36.6%), 0.7 over(40.2%). 5. Age distribution of pterygium showed the sixties 60.9%, the seventies 26.1% and the eighties($80{\leq}$) 13.0%. 6. As to the distribution corrected visual acuity in pterygium ; 0.1 below(5.l%), 0.1~0.3(5.8%), 0.4~0.6(20.3%), 0.7 over(68.8%).