• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.172-179
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• 2010

목 적: 성인에서 내장 지방은 대사 이상의 위험 요소와 밀접한 상관이 있다고 알려져 있으나 소아 청소년 연령에서의 연구는 미흡하다. 소아 청소년에서의 복부지방의 분포와 대사 이상의 위험 요소간에 상관성을 연구하고자 하였다. 방 법: 78명의 남아와 23명의 여아를 포함한 101명의 소아 청소년(평균 연령 10.8${\pm}$2.4세)을 대상으로 연구를 시행하였다. 신체 계측과 대사 증후군의 위험 요소에 대한 분석을 개별 환자에서 시행하였고, 복부 전산화 단층 촬영을 통해 내장 지방과 피하 지방의 양을 측정하였다. 연령을 보정한 편 상관 분석을 통해 내장 지방, 피하 지방의 양, 신체 계측 지표와 대사 이상의 위험요소 간의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결 과: 남아와 여아 모두에서 피하 지방이 나이가 들어감에 따라서 내장 지방보다 급격히 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 남아에서 내장 지방과 피하 지방은 신체 계측 지표와는 유의한 상관성을 보였고, 내장 지방은 낮은 수치의 HDL-C과 피하 지방은 높은 이완기 혈압과 유의한 연관성을 보였으나. 남아에서 내장 지방과 피하 지방, 신체 계측 지표는 모두 대사 이상의 위험요소의 수와 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결 론: 남아에서 내장 지방은 낮은 수치의 HDL-C과, 피하 지방은 높은 이완기 혈압과 유의한 상관성을 나타내었으나 성인에서의 기존 연구에 비해 본 연구는 다른 대사 이상의 위험 요소들에 대한 상관성이 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권9호
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• pp.924-932
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• 2003

In middle-aged men, abdominal obesity has been an important risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as a predictor of hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Particularly, risks from abdominal obesity increase when adipose tissue accumulates in visceral compartment. Many studies showed that weight reduction by caloric restriction improves abdominal obesity and reduces lots of cardiovascular risk factors. Testosterone treatment also results in a significant decrease in visceral fat area and normalizes endocrine metabolism. However there is no study that compare the effect of caloric restriction with that of testosterone treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of caloric restriction and that of testosterone treatment on body fat distribution, serum lipids and glucose metabolism in male patients with CAD. Forty five middle-aged overweight-obese men with CAD participated in 12 weeks' program. They were matched with age, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and divided into three groups : control group (n = 15) , caloric restriction group (-300 kcal/day, n = 15) and testosterone treatment group (testosterone undecanoate tablets, n = 15) . After 12 weeks, control group did not have any changes in anthropometries, lipid profile, body fat distribution, glucose metabolism and hormonal status. Expectedly, caloric restriction group showed decreases in body weight, BMI, waist to hip ratio, ％ body fat. Ten percentage of total cholesterol and 23% of triglyceride in serum were also decreased. In body fat distribution, total fat areas at both L1 and L4 levels were significantly reduced in this group without reduction in muscle of thigh and calf. However, testosterone treatment group did not have any significant changes in body weight, ％ body fat, serum lipid profile and abdominal fat distribution. In conclusion, weight reduction by caloric restriction is more beneficial in body fat distribution and serum lipid level than testosterone treatment in overweight male patients with CAD. This result suggests that modest weight reduction is possible to help decrease risk factors of CAD.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 1998

Intramuscular injection(IM) into the gluteal muscles is a common route of medication, but may lead to complications. A retrospective review of 32 patients who required surgical treatment for local complications of buttock injections in children was made at the Taegu Fatima Hospital during a seven-year nine-month period (March 1990 to December 1997). Local complications included acute inflammation, cellulitis and abscess(71.9 %), and fat necrosis(21.9 %), and injection granuloma(6.2 %). Over the half of injections were on the upper and outer quadrant of the buttock, but the other 43.7 % were in the upper and inner or lower and outer quadrant which are considered unsuitable sites for intramuscular injection. The majority of complications developed within fat tissue(90.6 %) rather than within muscle(9.4 %). Two-thirds of the patients were under 2 years of age, this suggests that it is technically difficult to accurately administer IM injections in small children because muscle mass is smaller compared to subcutaneous. In addition subcutaneous fat is more susceptible to chemical irritation. Staph. aureus was the predominant organism, isolated in 84.6 % of the patients with abscesses. Treatment consisted of needle aspiration, incision and drainage, curettage, or surgical excision. In conclusion, the major factor that contributes to complications following IM of the buttock appears to be the inadvertent intrafat rather than of IM injection. Accurate injection into the muscles based on a knowledge of pelvic anatomy as well as the potential complications is necessary to prevent complications.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.460-467
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• 2015

Objectives: Excess sodium intake has been linked to obesity and obesity-related indices. However, the scientific evidence for this association is inadequate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium excretion and obesity-related indices among Korean adults. Methods: A convenience sample of 120 subjects (60 obese and 60 non-obese subjects) were recruited applying frequency matching for sex and age between two groups. Sodium intake level was assessed through 24-hour urine collection. Obesity-related metabolic risk factors, including fasting blood lipid indices, subcutaneous and visceral fat through computed tomography (CT), insulin resistance indices, blood pressure and liver enzymes were measured in all subjects. These obesity-related metabolic risk factors were compared between obese and non-obese group according to sodium excretion levels (<110 mEq/day, 110~180 mEq/day, >180 mEq/day). Results: After adjusting for age, gender, health behaviors (smoking, exercise, drinking), and energy intake, several obesity-related metabolic risk factors, including abdominal circumference, body fat percentage, subcutaneous and visceral fat, triglyceride, and systolic blood pressure were found to be significantly deteriorated as the sodium excretion level increases. In addition, multivariate adjusted-odds ratios of abdominal obesity, high blood triglyceride, and high blood pressure were found significantly higher in the highest sodium excretion group compared to the lowest group. The mean number of metabolic syndrome risk factors was also significantly greater in the highest sodium excretion group than in the lowest group. Conclusions: The current study findings suggested that high sodium intake can affect obesity and metabolic syndrome risk negatively, implying the necessity of future research on low-sodium diet intervention in relation to obesity and related health problems.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.982-986
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• 2008

This study was performed to evaluate the oriental obese therapeutic effect with Sweet Bee Venom Mesotherapy on obese female patient of 53th years old with $Tae\bar{u}min$. We applied herbal medication, electrolipolysis, auricular acupuncture to her during 6 weeks. But, Body fat mass(Kg) and Percent Body Fat(%) was increased. After that, We treated with Sweet Bee Venom Mesotherapy on Chung-wan, Sang-wan, both Yang-mun, both $Ch'\bar{o}nch'\bar{u}$, both $Taeh\bar{o}ng$, both $Taeg\bar{o}$, both $Pokky\bar{o}l$, Kihae acupoint of abdomen during 5 weeks. We had a results of such as decreasing change of Body fat mass(Kg) and Percent Body Fat(%) with Body composition analyzer(Inbody 3.0, Biospace, Korea). And Subcutaneous Fat was decreased at all abdominal acupoints after Sweet Bee Venom Mesotherapy with Ultrasonography(LOGIQ200MD, USA). Therefore we have suggested that Sweet Bee Venom Mesotherapy have possibility to be utilized for oriental obese treatment.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.167-179
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• 2011

Objectives: In this study, we used with visceral fat area(VFA)/subcutaneous fat area(SFA) ratio(V/S ratio) and bioelectrical impedence analysis(BIA) for a comparative study between VFA measured from several abdominal computed tomography(CT) images and obesity indexes, such as body mass index(BM), waist circumference(WC), and waist-hip ratio(WHR). Methods: A group of 63 test subjects were gathered in the oriental medical hospital of Kyung-Won university. BIA for body composition and body size for obesity indexes were estimated to evaluate the obesity indexes. Pearson correlation coefficients and regression analysis were used to select useful obesity index. Results: The VFA-CT was significantly related to BMI, SFA, WC, hip circumference(HC), body fat mass(BFM), basal metabolic rate(BMR), and VFA-BIA. Especially, we found that the VFA-BIA and BMI were significantly correlated to VFA-CT. Conclusions: VFA-BIA index is an optimized index for diagnosis and evaluation of obesity. Finally, we found that the BMI is optimized to represent VFA.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.579-590
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the impact of Ephedra sinica pharmacopuncture on the weight and lipid metabolism of obese mice.Methods: Obesity was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by a 60% fat diet. The animals were divided into three groups (n=5) fed a normal diet, high-fat diet, and high-fat diet with Ephedra sinica pharmacopuncture. After 13 wk, fasting blood sugar levels were measured in each group, and oral glucose tolerance tests were conducted. After 15 wk, body weight, epididymal fat pad weight, subcutaneous fat pad weight, and serum lipid and gene expression of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), perilipin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ were measured in each group.Results: In the Ephedra group, body weight, fasting blood sugar, and oral glucose tolerance were significantly decreased. In addition, in the Ephedra group, the gene expression of HSL was significantly increased, whereas that of perilipin was significantly decreased.Conclusions: These results provide evidence that E. sinicapharmacopuncture affects obesity and obesity-induced metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, by activating lipolysis via the HSL pathway in adipose tissue.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.1070-1074
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• 2008

광학적 방식은 백색광 LED광원을, 전기적 방식은 BIA(Bio-electrical Impedance)방식을 이용하여 동시에 측정할 수 있는 광전기적 지방측정에 관한 상관식을 유도하였다. 실험을 통해서 BIA 방식의 경우 5V 및 50kHz의 입력 교류 신호에 대해 6도의 위상차와 2.7V의 전압 강하를 확인하였다. 광학적 방식의 경우 이두박근, 허벅지, 삼두박근의 순으로 광강도가 높아지는 것을 확인하였다. 측정된 광전 방식의 값은 상관식에 의해서 20%의 퍼센트 비만도를 얻었다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.3-9
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• 2005

Obesity can be defined as a metabolic disease due to an increased fat accumulation in the body caused by an imbalance of calorie intake and output The prevalence of obesity has increased substantially over the past 2-3 decades in developed and developing countries. The health impact of weight gain is so marked that obesity has now been classified as a major global public health problem In order to investigate the effect of diet conversion and oral administration of Platycodon grandiflorum extracts on the treatment of obesity, male Spraque-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: a group converted to normal diet (Control group), a group maintained high fat (30%) diet (H), and two groups with Platycodon grandiflorum extract added to the previously mentioned two groups. All animals were fed high fat diet for 7 weeks to induce the obesity. Then they were divided as mentioned above. Animals were fed experimental diet and Platycodon grandiflorum extract (150 mg/ml/rat/day) for 7 weeks. Body weight, adipose tissue weight (subcutaneous, epididymal, peritoneal fat pads) and serum lipids (total cholesterol and triglyceride) showed some differences among groups. The Platycodon grandiflorum feeding markedly decreased both body weight and adipose tissue weight in control group compared to H, high fat diet maintaining, group. Platycodon grandiflorum extracts significantly decreased the concentrations of serum lipids compared to H group. Fat cell numbers and sizes were significantly reduced in the oriental medicinal herb extract administrated group. Increased fatty acid binding protein (FABP) expression in high fat diet group was decreased by the dietary conversion to normal diet and the oral administration of Platycodon glandiflorum extracts. In contrast, there was no significant effect on FABP expression in the high fat maintenance group. In this study, the conversion from high fat diet to low fat or normal diet had a beneficial effect on body weight loss and serum lipid profiles. Dietary Platycodon glandiflorum extracts had an additive beneficial effect on the prevention and treatment of obesity.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2012

The free muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (MS-TRAM) and deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps involve transferring skin and subcutaneous tissue from the lower abdominal area and have many features that make them well suited for breast reconstruction. The robust blood supply of the free flap reduces the risk of fat necrosis and also enables aggressive shaping of the flap for breast reconstruction to optimize the aesthetic outcome. In addition, the free MS-TRAM flap and DIEP flap require minimal donor-site sacrifice in most cases. With proper patient selection and safe surgical technique, the free MS-TRAM flap and DIEP flap can transfer the lower abdominal skin and subcutaneous tissue to provide an aesthetically pleasing breast reconstruction with minimal donor-site morbidity.