• Molecules and Cells
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.119-126
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• 2005

${\alpha}$-Expansins are bound to the cell wall of plants and can be solubilized with an extraction buffer containing 1 M NaCl. Localization of ${\alpha}$-expansins in the cell wall was confirmed by immunogold labeling and electron microscopy. The subcellular localization of vegetative ${\beta}$-expansins has not yet been studied. Using antibodies specific for OsEXPB3, a vegetative ${\beta}$-expansin of rice (Oryza sativa L.), we found that OsEXPB3 is tightly bound to the cell wall and, unlike ${\alpha}$-expansins, cannot be solubilized with extraction buffer containing 1 M NaCl. OsEXPB3 protein could only be extracted with buffer containing SDS. The subcellular localization of the OsEXPB3 protein was confirmed by immunogold labeling and electron microscopy. Gold particles were mainly distributed over the primary cell walls. Immunohistochemistry showed that OsEXPB3 is present in all regions of the coleoptile and root tissues tested.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.66-77
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• 1999

In order to elucidate the fate of the residues of the bipyridylium herbicide paraquat in soil, maize plants were grown for 4 weeks on the specially-made pots filled with two different types of soils containing fresh and 6-week-aged residues of [$^{14}C$]paraquat, respectively. The mineralization of [$^{14}C$]paraquat to $^{14}CO_{2}$ during the aging period and the cultivation period of maize plants amounted to $0.13{\sim}0.18%$ and $0.02{\sim}0.17%$, respectively, of the original $^{14}C$ activities. At harvest the roots and shoots contained less than 0.1% and 0.01% of the originally applied $^{14}C$ activities, respectively, whereas the $^{14}C$ activities remaining in soil were more than 97% in both soils. The water extractability of the soil where maize plants were grown for 4 weeks was less than 1.2% of the original $^{14}C$ activities. Most of the non-extractable soil-bound residues of [$^{14}C$]paraquat were incorporated into the humin fraction. Soil pHs during the aging of soil B and after cultivation in all treatments increased. The distribution of the $^{14}C$ activities in subcellular particles of the maize plant roots was the highest in the residue fraction(incompletely homogenized tissue). Dehydrogenase activities increased after vegetation, regardless of soil aging.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 1995

In order to accurate treat damage induced by ionizing radiation in biological system on the cellular or subcellular level with physical parameters characterising the radiation, specific primary ionization (SPI) is introduced as the parameter which does not suffer from limitation of linear energy transfer (LET). In this present study, we calculate specitic primayt ionization with total ionization cross section (TICS) of electrons, protons and alppa particles incident on water. The used energy ranges cover those that have been freqently used in radiobioligical experiments. For electrons above 1 keV, we have relativistic corrections and also compare the results with other data. For electrons energies below 100keV, our results are in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations published recently by (perris and zarris 1987). These results may be easily applied by the interested radiobiogists.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 1999

A blue biliprotein, insecticyanin (INS), has been purified from the last instar larval hemolymph of Agrius convolvuli by ultracentrifugation, Sephadex G-100 gel permeation chromatography, and preparative electrophoresis. The molecular mass of INS was estimated to be 26 kDa and the N-terminal sequence of INS revealed high similarity to that of Manduca sexta. Results of Western blotting and autoradiography indicated that INS is synthesized by the epidermis and released into the hemolymph. In contrast to the INS reported in other insects, Agrius convolvuli INS contained a small amount of lipid, predominately consisting of triacylglycerol. Subcellular localization of INS was determined using protein-A gold particles linked to secondary antibodies (anti-rabbit Ig). INS was heavily accumulated in the cytoplasmic inclusion body (CIB). CIBs showed a variety of shapes from rod to globule and generally surrounded the nucleus. They were mostly located near the basement membrane and especially abundant in the intersegmental membrane.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 1973

During the last decade extensive studios on catecholamines have evolved new knowledge in the physiology and biochemistry of adrenergic mechanism. Cardiac muscle, receiving adrenergic fibres from the stellate, cervical and thoracic ganglia, has been repeatedly shown to have a specific capacity to uptake and to store catecholamines. The catecholamine stores in cardiac muscle have also been shown to be important sites for the action of numerous drugs. Under normal condition, a certain level of catecholamines is maintained in the stores and serves as the basis for studying the changes in the catecholamine content of the heart. Because myocardial catecholamines play such important role in the patho-physiology of the heart, it would be interesting to compare the normal level of myocardial catecholamines among various species of animals. An occasional study has dealt with myocardial catecholamines of several species add ages of animals but these have been insufficiently comprehensive to afford a basis for an understanding of the importance of these amines as related to species and ages. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not there is any significance of myocardial catecholamines in the course of the evolution and development of animals. Seasonal changes, sex difference and regional and subcellular distribution of myocardial catecholamines were also examined. The concentration of cardiac catecholamines was determined by the spectrophotofluorometric procedure described by Shore and Olin. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. As animals phylogenetically progressed larger amounts of catecholamines were resent in their hearts. A negligibly small amount of catecholamine was present in the hearts of the clam, a non-vertebrate. Among the vertebrates, cold-blooded animals (snake, turtle, frog, eel and fish) had less myocardial catecholamines than warm-blooded animals, of which aves (fowl and duck) had less than mammalia (cat, dog, rabbit, rat, cow and pig). The ratio of norepinephrine to epinephrine also was greater as the animals progress phylogenetically. 2. Examination of the regional distribution of cardiac catecholamines in warm-blooded animals showed that the content of the auricle was generally higher than that of the septum and considerably than that of the ventricle, but the differences of contents among these regions were not so marked. 3. In the embryonic chick, cardiac catecholamines were firstly detected on the 4th day of incubation, the time before the cardiac innervation of sympathetic nerves. The concentrations of these catecholamines increased but not markedly on the 6th day of incubation, soon after the innervation of sympathetic nerves to the heart. The level of the cardiac catecholamines fluctuated throughout the remainder of embryonic development. 4. In newborn rat hearts, a considerable amount of catecholamines was present. With the development of the rats, the concentrations of myocardial catecholamines increased. The ratio of epinephrine and norepinephrine fluctuated within the range of 40 to 60 pervent. However, as development progressed, the percentage of norepinephrine continued to rise, attaining the adult value of $80{\sim}90%$ after $45{\sim}60$ days. In contrast, the total amount of epinephrine remained fairly constant throughout the animal's development. 5. No significant sexual differences were observed in the concentration of myocardial catecholamines in the developing rat. 6. The catecholamines in the rabbit hearts increased during the summer season (from May to August) and maintained a fairly constant level in the other seasons of the year. 7. The subcellular distribution of cardiac catecholamines was examined by differential centrifugation of homogenates of cardiac muscles in rabbits, cats and rats. The catecholamines were found to be present approximately 20% in particles of mitochondrial fraction, 45% in particles of microsomal fraction and 35% in soluble supernatant fraction. The particle containing catecholamines in cardiac muscle appears to be two different sizes.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.241-250
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• 1995

Protein B23 is one of the major nucleolar phosphoproteins associated with pre-ribosomal particles, and is localized in the granular region of the nucleolus. Recent studies suggest that protein B23 shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm and also interacts with HIV Rev. These findings indicate that protein B23 is important in nucleocytoplasmic relationship and viral replication. However, the exact function of protein B23 is not clear yet. In acute nucleolar hypertrophy of rat liver, treated with thioacetamide, there was observed an increase of not only protein B23 but also B23-like protein p45 when anti-B23 monoclonal antibody (MAb) was used for identification. On the basis of the large B23 specific epitope structure composed of 68 amino acids, a hypothesis was formulated to examine that p45 is the pre-B23 resulting from excessive production of B23. In an attempt to investigate the precursor of B23, we analyzed the subcellular fractions and microsomal subfractions. Subsequently, we analyzed the finger printings of B23-like proteins using the tryptic peptide mapping. The results are summarized: 1) Using B23 MAb, we observed the presence of B23-like proteins in nucleolar fraction, nucleoplasmic fraction and microsomal fraction. 2) In the further microsomal subfractionation, we could partially purify B23-like protein in 2M layer of sucrose gradient. 3) When ion exchange chromatography was employed, there were protein species 80kDa(p80), 65kDa(p65) and 60kDa(p60). 4) Based on the tryptic map analysis of $^{125}I$ labeled proteins, the similarity between B23 and p80 was found only in 9 out of 14(B23) and 21(p80) peptides, and difference was found in the remaining peptides. p80 and p60 had 18 common peptides, and all the peptides of p60 were similar to those of p80. From these results, it is proposed that p45 is an abnormal metabolite resulting from carcinogenesis by thioacetamide, and it is not the precursor of B23. In addition, we suggest that p80 may be a precursor of p45.