• 한국초전도저온공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초전도저온공학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.171-175
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• 2003

The sub-cooled nitrogen cooling system at 65 K with GM cryo-cooler is developed for cooling down the DC reactor of 6.6 ㎸-200 A class HTS Fault Current Limiter(SFCL). The sub-cooled nitrogen cooling is more economic than saturated nitrogen cooling, because the length of HTS wire is reduced in the same capacity, as well as, more stable. The cooling system with the GM cryo-cooler installed on the cryostat is not only compact but also efficient for energy saving. In the nitrogen vessel, after evacuating with vacuum pump to saturated nitrogen at 65 K, sub-cooled nitrogen at 65 K is made by putting in gas helium to 1 atm. During the short circuit test occurring the fault current of 1000 A, the sub-cooled nitrogen cooled DC reactor for SFCL is kept the state of sub-cooled nitrogen at 65 K.

• 한국초전도저온공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초전도저온공학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.234-236
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• 2003

The cryogenic system for inductive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) has been investigated recently. In this investigation, the sub-cooled nitrogen cryogenic system was adopted to enhance the performance of DC reactor for 6.6㎸/200A inductive SFCL. In sub-cooled nitrogen state at 64K, the critical current value and the thermal conductivity are larger than those of saturated nitrogen state at 77K and the electrical insulation capacitance should be remarkably enhanced. The solenoid type of 84mH superconducting DC reactor was fabricated and cooled down to 64K by using sub-cooled cooling method with GM-cryocooler and rotary pump. The fabrication techniques of cryogenic system and some experimental results such as cooling down characteristic are introduced in this study. Moreover, the sub-cooled nitrogen cryogenic system was detailedly introduced in this paper.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.38-42
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• 2004

The cryogenic system for 6.6 kV/200 A inductive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) was developed at Yonsei university in 2003. The sub-cooled nitrogen cryogenic system could be applied to not only SFCL but also many other applied high-Tc superconducting (HTS) devices like superconducting motor, superconducting generator and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). Generally, the cooling capacity of GM-cryocooler depends on the load temperature. Therefore it is necessary to perform the cooling capacity test at no load condition to calculate the exact cooling power and heat load of cryogenic system. In this research, the cooling capacity test of GM-cryocooler was executed and the heat load of developed cryogenic system was calculated. The long run operation test results of sub-cooled nitrogen cryogenic system were successful in pressure and temperature condition. Moreover, the design and fabrication method of cryogenic system were introduced and the test results were described.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.52-55
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• 2010

A sub-cooled liquid nitrogen system is known as a promising method to develop high voltage superconducting apparatuses such as superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) and superconducting cables. To develop a high voltage superconducting machine adopting the sub-cooled liquid nitrogen system with a constant pressure. injecting a non-condensable gas is indispensable. In this study. the dielectric characteristics of insulation gases are investigated and analyzed by using electric utilization factors ($\xi$). It is found that the maximum electric field at sparkover that occurs with 50 % probability. $E_{MAX.50%}$ exponentially decreases as the S increases. This means that the $E_{MAX.50%}$ at sparkover can be estimated with the $E_{MAX.50%}$

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.47-50
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• 2019

The paper gives the results of the experiments with a model two-section REBCO solenoid cooled by either gaseous helium (GHe) or sub-cooled/solid nitrogen (SN2) in (50-77) K temperature range. The major cooling source was a single-stage cryocooler Sumitomo CH-110 with the cooling power of 175 W and 130 W at 77 K and 50 K respectively. The coil itself was not directly conduction cooled. We compare the time taken by both coolants to obtain the temperature of the magnet of about 50 K and the homogeneity of the temperature distribution within the cryostat. Test results for the coil operation in solid nitrogen together with the comparison of its critical properties in SN2 and GHe are also presented.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.57-61
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• 2003

In this investigation, the 6.6kV/200A Inductive Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) was designed and fabricated. The type of DC reactor for Inductive SFCL was determined as solenoid type during the period of $1${st}$ year research. The 5 bobbins for DC reactor were fabricated and each bobbin was wound with 4 stacked High-Tc superconducting (HTS) tapes and the 5 bobbins were connected in series. The critical current and inductance of DC reactor were simulated by Finite Element method (FEM) and compared with the measured results. The characteristics of DC reactor were enhanced in sub-cooled nitrogen system rather than in liquid nitrogen system. The procedures to accomplish the sub-cooled nitrogen system and the experimental results were introduced in detail. Moreover, the design of sub-cooled nitrogen cryogenic system for next year research was introduced in brief.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.28-31
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• 2012

The study on the dielectric characteristics of gaseous insulation medium is important for designing current leads of superconducting machines using a sub-cooled liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$) cooling method. In a sub-cooled $LN_2$ cooling system, the temperature of gaseous insulation medium surrounding current leads varies from the temperature of coolant to 300 K according to the displacement between the electrode system and the surface of sub-cooled $LN_2$. In this paper, AC withstand voltage experiments on gaseous nitrogen according to temperature are conducted. Also, AC withstand voltage experiments on gaseous nitrogen according to pressure, size of electrode, and gap length between two electrodes are performed. It is found that there is a functional relation between the electrical breakdown voltage and the field utilization factor (${\xi}$). As a result, the empirical formula for estimating an electrical breakdown voltage is deduced by adopting the concept of field utilization factors. It is expected that the experimental results presented in this paper are helpful to design current leads for a high voltage superconducting apparatus such as a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) using a sub-cooled $LN_2$ cooling system.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.149-152
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• 2004

The design and the fabrication of a 1 MVA single-phase HTS transformer are presented in this paper, The rated voltages are 22.9 ㎸ for primary and 6.6 ㎸ for secondary, and the rated currents are 44 A and 152 A respectively. The transformer has HTS double pancake type windings. This type of winding has many advantages such as ease of fabrication and maintenance, good distribution of surge voltage and insulation of windings. Single HTS wire was used for primary winding and four HTS parallel wires were used for secondary winding. These windings are arranged reciprocally with the shell type iron core. An FRP cryostat with room temperature bore was fabricated to isolate the iron core from the coolant. The winding will be cooled down to 65 K with sub-cooled liquid nitrogen using a GM-cryocooler. The sub-cooled liquid nitrogen has advantages of good insulation because of no bubbles as well as increased current capacity of HTS wire.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.27-30
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• 2011

A sub-cooled liquid nitrogen cooling system is known as a most promising method to develop large scale superconducting apparatuses such as superconducting fault current limiters and superconducting cables [1]. Gaseous helium (GHe), gaseous nitrogen ($GN_2$) and sulfur hexafluoride ($SF_6$) are commonly used for designing an high voltage applied superconducting device as an injection gaseous medium [2, 3]. In this paper, the analysis on the dielectric characteristics of GHe, $GN_2$ and $SF_6$ are conducted by designing and manufacturing sphere-to-plane electrode systems. The AC withstand voltage experiments on the various gaseous insulation media are carried out and the results are analyzed by using finite element method (FEM) considering field utilization factors (${\xi}$). It is found that the electric field intensity at sparkover ($E_{MAX}$) of insulation media exponentially decreases according to ${\xi}$ increases. Also, the empirical expressions of the functional relations between $E_{MAX}$ and ${\xi}$ of insulation media are deduced by dielectric experiments and computational analyses. It is expected that the electrical insulation design of applied superconducting devices could be performed by using the deduced empirical formulae without dielectric experiments.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2010

To develop the thermal analysis method for the thermal behavior of HTS power cable system, cooled with sub-cooled liquid nitrogen, new thermo dynamic model for HTS cable system is introduced. The introduced thermal model is mainly modified from the thermal circuit following to IEC60287 for underground power cable systems such as XLPE or paper wrapped insulation cables. The thermal circuits for HTS cables are similar to the forced cooled underground cable system but the major thermal parameters and the configuration is apparently different to the normal cable systems so there has been no proposals in this field of analysing method. In this paper, 154kV HTS cable system has been introduced as an aspects of thermal models and a thermal circuit is proposed for the fundamentals on the dynamic rating systems for the HTS cable system. By using the thermal circuit developed in this paper, the optimal controls on the sub-cooling system's capacity become possible and it is expected to make the efficiency of HTS cable higher than conventional static controls.