• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.52-55
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• 2010

A sub-cooled liquid nitrogen system is known as a promising method to develop high voltage superconducting apparatuses such as superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) and superconducting cables. To develop a high voltage superconducting machine adopting the sub-cooled liquid nitrogen system with a constant pressure. injecting a non-condensable gas is indispensable. In this study. the dielectric characteristics of insulation gases are investigated and analyzed by using electric utilization factors ($\xi$). It is found that the maximum electric field at sparkover that occurs with 50 % probability. $E_{MAX.50%}$ exponentially decreases as the S increases. This means that the $E_{MAX.50%}$ at sparkover can be estimated with the $E_{MAX.50%}$

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Recently, Research and development activity of HTS (High Temperature Superconducting) power application is very progressive worldwide. Especially, HTS cable system and HTSFCL (HTS Fault current limiter) system are proceeding to practical stages. In such system and equipment, cryogenic cooling system, which makes HTS equipment cooled lower than critical temperature, is one of crucial components. In this article, cryogenic cooling system for HTS application, mainly cable, is reviewed. Cryogenic cooling system can be categorized into conduction cooling system and immersion cooling system. In practical HTS power application area, immersion cooling system with sub-cooled liquid nitrogen is preferred. The immersion cooling system is besides grouped into open cycle system and closed cycle system. Turbo-Brayton refrigerator is a key component for closed cycle system. Those two cooling systems are focused in this article. And, each design and component of the cooling system is explained.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.57-61
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• 2003

In this investigation, the 6.6kV/200A Inductive Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) was designed and fabricated. The type of DC reactor for Inductive SFCL was determined as solenoid type during the period of $1${st}$ year research. The 5 bobbins for DC reactor were fabricated and each bobbin was wound with 4 stacked High-Tc superconducting (HTS) tapes and the 5 bobbins were connected in series. The critical current and inductance of DC reactor were simulated by Finite Element method (FEM) and compared with the measured results. The characteristics of DC reactor were enhanced in sub-cooled nitrogen system rather than in liquid nitrogen system. The procedures to accomplish the sub-cooled nitrogen system and the experimental results were introduced in detail. Moreover, the design of sub-cooled nitrogen cryogenic system for next year research was introduced in brief.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.149-152
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• 2004

The design and the fabrication of a 1 MVA single-phase HTS transformer are presented in this paper, The rated voltages are 22.9 ㎸ for primary and 6.6 ㎸ for secondary, and the rated currents are 44 A and 152 A respectively. The transformer has HTS double pancake type windings. This type of winding has many advantages such as ease of fabrication and maintenance, good distribution of surge voltage and insulation of windings. Single HTS wire was used for primary winding and four HTS parallel wires were used for secondary winding. These windings are arranged reciprocally with the shell type iron core. An FRP cryostat with room temperature bore was fabricated to isolate the iron core from the coolant. The winding will be cooled down to 65 K with sub-cooled liquid nitrogen using a GM-cryocooler. The sub-cooled liquid nitrogen has advantages of good insulation because of no bubbles as well as increased current capacity of HTS wire.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2010

To develop the thermal analysis method for the thermal behavior of HTS power cable system, cooled with sub-cooled liquid nitrogen, new thermo dynamic model for HTS cable system is introduced. The introduced thermal model is mainly modified from the thermal circuit following to IEC60287 for underground power cable systems such as XLPE or paper wrapped insulation cables. The thermal circuits for HTS cables are similar to the forced cooled underground cable system but the major thermal parameters and the configuration is apparently different to the normal cable systems so there has been no proposals in this field of analysing method. In this paper, 154kV HTS cable system has been introduced as an aspects of thermal models and a thermal circuit is proposed for the fundamentals on the dynamic rating systems for the HTS cable system. By using the thermal circuit developed in this paper, the optimal controls on the sub-cooling system's capacity become possible and it is expected to make the efficiency of HTS cable higher than conventional static controls.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.28-31
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• 2012

The study on the dielectric characteristics of gaseous insulation medium is important for designing current leads of superconducting machines using a sub-cooled liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$) cooling method. In a sub-cooled $LN_2$ cooling system, the temperature of gaseous insulation medium surrounding current leads varies from the temperature of coolant to 300 K according to the displacement between the electrode system and the surface of sub-cooled $LN_2$. In this paper, AC withstand voltage experiments on gaseous nitrogen according to temperature are conducted. Also, AC withstand voltage experiments on gaseous nitrogen according to pressure, size of electrode, and gap length between two electrodes are performed. It is found that there is a functional relation between the electrical breakdown voltage and the field utilization factor (${\xi}$). As a result, the empirical formula for estimating an electrical breakdown voltage is deduced by adopting the concept of field utilization factors. It is expected that the experimental results presented in this paper are helpful to design current leads for a high voltage superconducting apparatus such as a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) using a sub-cooled $LN_2$ cooling system.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.34-37
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• 2003

A 1 MVA single-phase high temperature superconducting (HTS) transformer with BSCCO-2223 wire was designed in this paper. The rated voltages of each sides of the transformer are 22.9 kV and 6.6 kV respectively. Double pancake HTS windings arranged reciprocally will be used for the transformer windings, because of the advantages of insulation and distribution of surge voltage in case of a large power and high voltage transformer. Single HTS wire was used for the primary windings and four parallel wires were used for the secondary windings of the transformer with transposition. A core of the transformer was designed as a shell type core separated with the windings by a cryostat made of GFRP with a room temperature bore. The operating temperature of the HTS windings will be about 65K with sub-cooled liquid nitrogen. A cryogenic cooling system using a GM-cryocooler for this HTS transformer by natural convection of liquid nitrogen was designed. This type of cooling system can be a good option for compactness, efficiency, and reliability of the HTS transformer.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.27-30
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• 2011

A sub-cooled liquid nitrogen cooling system is known as a most promising method to develop large scale superconducting apparatuses such as superconducting fault current limiters and superconducting cables [1]. Gaseous helium (GHe), gaseous nitrogen ($GN_2$) and sulfur hexafluoride ($SF_6$) are commonly used for designing an high voltage applied superconducting device as an injection gaseous medium [2, 3]. In this paper, the analysis on the dielectric characteristics of GHe, $GN_2$ and $SF_6$ are conducted by designing and manufacturing sphere-to-plane electrode systems. The AC withstand voltage experiments on the various gaseous insulation media are carried out and the results are analyzed by using finite element method (FEM) considering field utilization factors (${\xi}$). It is found that the electric field intensity at sparkover ($E_{MAX}$) of insulation media exponentially decreases according to ${\xi}$ increases. Also, the empirical expressions of the functional relations between $E_{MAX}$ and ${\xi}$ of insulation media are deduced by dielectric experiments and computational analyses. It is expected that the electrical insulation design of applied superconducting devices could be performed by using the deduced empirical formulae without dielectric experiments.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.57-61
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• 2015

A Superconducting Fault Current Limiter is an electric power device which limits the fault current immediately in a power grid. The SFCL must be cooled to below the critical temperature of high temperature superconductor modules. In general, they are submerged in sub-cooled liquid nitrogen for their stable thermal characteristics. To cool and maintain the target temperature and pressure of the sub-cooled liquid nitrogen, the cryogenic cooling system should be designed well with a cryocooler and coolant circulation devices. The pressure of the cryostat for the SFCL should be pressurized to suppress the generation of nitrogen bubbles in quench mode of the SFCL. In this study, we tested the performance of the cooling system for the prototype 154 kV SFCL, which consist of a Stirling cryocooler, a subcooling cryostat, a pressure builder and a main cryostat for the SFCL module, to verify the design of the cooling system and the electric performance of the SFCL. The normal operation condition of the main cryostat is 71 K and 500 kPa. This paper presents tests results of the overall cooling system.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.44-47
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• 2015

High voltage superconducting apparatuses have been developed presently around the world under AC and DC sources. In order to improve electrical reliability of superconducting apparatuses with AC and DC networks, a study on the DC as well as the AC electrical breakdown characteristics of cryogenic insulations should be conducted for developing a high voltage superconducting apparatus. Recently, a sub-cooled liquid nitrogen cooling system is known to be promising method for developing a high voltage superconducting apparatus. A sub-cooled liquid nitrogen cooling system uses gaseous nitrogen to control the pressure and enhance the dielectric characteristics. However, the dielectric characteristics of gaseous nitrogen are not enough to satisfy the grade of insulation for a high voltage superconducting apparatus. In this case, the application of solid insulating barriers is regarded as an effective method to reinforce the dielectric characteristics of a high voltage superconducting apparatus. In this paper, it is dealt with a barrier effect on the DC and AC dielectric characteristics of gaseous nitrogen with respect to the position and number of solid insulating barriers. As results, the DC and AC electrical breakdown characteristics by various barrier effects is verified.