• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.205-230
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is, targeting 5th and 6th grades mathematically gifted elementary students, to analyze the effect of independent study project learning on self-directed learning ability and mathematical self-efficacy, and based on the results, examine the implications that independent study project learning has in special education for the gifted. In order to solve the study problems, 5th grade mathematically gifted elementary students(40) and 6th grade mathematically gifted elementary students(39) who had passed the selection criteria of D education institute for the gifted and had been receiving special education for the gifted were selected. The study results are as below. First, although self-directed learning ability had no significant difference at p<0.05, it statistically had some differences in averages between pre-test and post-test results. Second, although mathematical self-efficacy had no significant difference at p<0.05, it statistically had some differences in averages between pre-test and post-test results. Third, in the aspects of self-directed learning ability and mathematical self-efficacy, independent study project learning had a more positive effect on 5th grade mathematically gifted elementary students than 6th grade mathematically gifted elementary students. In addition, it had significant differences in 'the level of mathematical tasks', a sub-level of mathematical self-efficacy, and 'the openness of learning', 'the initiative of learning', and 'a sense of responsibility for learning', sub-levels of self-directed learning ability. These results imply that independent study project learning has a positive effect on self-directed learning ability and mathematical self-efficacy of mathematically gifted elementary students so that it could be meaningfully used as a teaching method for special education for the gifted at educational sites of independent study project learning.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2000

Purpose : To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerance of postoperative e지ernai beam radiotherapy for patients with low grade glioma of the brain and define the optimal radiotherapeutic regimen. Materials and Methods : Between June, 1985 and May, 1998, 72 patients with low grade gliomas were treated with postoperative radiotherapy immediately following surgery. Median age was 37 years with range of 11 to 76 years. Forty one patients were male and 31 patients were female with male to female ratio of 1.3:1. Of those patients, 15 underwent biopsy alone and remaining 57 did subtotal resection. The distribution of the patients according to histologic type was as follows: astrocytomas-42 patients (58$\%$), mixed oligodendrogliomas-19 patients (27$\%$), oiigodendrogliomas-11 patients (15$\%$). Two patients were treated with whole brain irradiation followed by cone down boost and remaining 70 patients were treated with localized field with appropriate margin. Ail of the patients were treated with conventional once a day fractionation. Most of patients received total tumor dose of 5000 $\~$ 5500 cGy. Results : The overall 5 and 7 year survival rates for entire group of 72 patients were 61$\~$ and 50$\~$. Corresponding disease free survival rates for entire patients were 53$\~$ and 45$\~$, respectively. The 5 and 7 year overall survival rates for astrocytomas, mixed oligodendrogiiomas, and oligodendrogiiorras were 48$\%$ and 45$\%$, 76$\%$ and 56$\%$, and 80$\%$ and 52$\%$, respectively. Patients who underwent subtotal resection showed better survival rates than those who did biopsy alone. The overall 5 year survival rates for sub total resection patients and biopsy alone patients were 57$\%$ and 43$\%$, respectively. Forty six patients who were 40 years or younger survived batter than 26 patients who were 41 years or older (overall survival rate at 5 years, 69$\%$ vs 45$\%$). Although one patient was not able to complete the treatment because of neurological deterioration, there was no significant treatment related acute toxicities. Conclusion : Postoperative radiotherapy was safe and effective treatment for patients with low grade gliomas. However, we probably need prospective randomized trial to define optimal treatment timing and schedule for low grade gliomas and select patient group for different treatment philosophies.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1121-1144
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• 2011

This research is an investigation of difficulties encountered by authors of 5th and 6th grade science textbooks. The aim is to assist authors in creating more easily understandable textbooks in the future. In-depth interviews were conducted with 6 teachers who have previously taken part in the development of 5th and 6th grade texts. The responses given during these interviews were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding as suggested by Strauss and Corbin (1998). The results are as follows: In open coding, related concepts were extracted and classified into 15 main categories and 46 sub-categories. In axial coding, the main categories were arranged into causal conditions, main phenomenon, context, intervening conditions, action and interactional strategies, and consequences wherein they were consistently related to each other based on Grounded theory. Finally, in selective coding, core categories were instilled whereby the texts being developed were categorized into conservative, progressive, and innovative to allow for easier interpretation. This was done to improve the overall quality of Science textbooks.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.73-93
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• 2007

Social area of children moves to school from family. Attachment to parents of children influences Adaptation of new environment. Development and adaptation of whole life are based on attachment that was formed the early days period of life. This study aims at finding out how are the factors like Relationship between Attachment to parents and Adaptation to school life of children. The targets of the study are 260 kids of the 1st grade and the 2nd grade that are collected at primary school of K city in Jeonlabuk-Do. As for measurement tool that was used for this study, it used the questionnaire for parents Attachment which OK Jeong(1997) adopted from IPPA-R that was manufactured by Armsden & Greenberg(1987), and the questionnaire on adaptation to the school life made by Byung soo, Min(1991), and it found means(M), standard deviation(SD) as for the collected data, and it practiced three way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and Multiple regression. The result of this study was as follows. First, the girls were more attached to father than Boys. According to the contents, alienation to father of boys is higher than that of girls. Also, grade of children and employment or unemployment of mothers factors mutuality effect had significant differences in the area of alienation. Second, the children's attachment to mother that the Kids perceived in total has significant differences statistically according to gender of children and employment or unemployment of mothers factors mutuality effect. Boys of unemployment of mothers and girls of employment of mothers are more attached to mother. Third, the children's attachment to parents showed significant positive correlation in the area of the adaptation to school life. The dimension of communicate, by fathers were shown to affect largely to the adaptation to school life of the kids and among the sub-areas of attachment to fathers, the dimension of confidence by parents were shown to affect largely to the adaptation to school life of the kids. As we saw the study result above, we could confirm that children's attachment to parents had significant relations with the adaptation to school life of the kid, and furthermore, those were affecting importantly to the adaptation to school life the kid. So, we could know that it is important for parents and children to attach mighty so that can be increased adaptation to school life of the kids.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.397-409
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• 2014

In this study, the assessment scheme has been developed to evaluate the ecological function of rivers which were changed by the river improvement project. The evaluating factors are composed of physical structure in river channels and ecological connectivity in river areas, and each value of the factors is quantified based on 4 and 2 variables, respectably. This scheme was applied to past (1918, before artificial river improvement) and present Mankyung River area. A GIS model was adopted for calculating, analysing, and presenting river ecological conditions using the 204 grids and 7 reaches in study area. Comparison results show that the evaluation grade was decreased in both factors after river improvement. The main causes of lower grade (from II to IV) for physical structure are the river straightening and crossing structures. The reduction (from II to III) in ecological connectivity grade effected by linear fragmentation due to roads and rails is found to be greater than areal fragmentation due to land-use. In particular, it is also found that a high degree of ecological connectivity in 1918 was distributed along the river, but that one in 2007 showed a tendency to scatter because of the construction of levee and increase of urbanized area.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2001

The Keum river has been utilized for drinking water supply of several city including Kunsan city and is deepening pollution state due to numerous municipal and industrial discharges. The concentration BOD in river is affected by the organic loading from a tributary and the algae biomass that largely happen to under eutrophication state. In the eutrophic water mass such as the Keum river, the autochthonous BOD was very important part for making a decision of water quality management, because it was accounted for majority of the total BOD. The predict of water quality has important meaning for management of water quality pollution of the Keum river. The purpose of this study will manage and predict water quality of the Keum river using QUAL-2E model considering the autochthonous BOD. The estimation of autochthonous BOD represented that the relationship between BOD and chlorophyll a. The regression equation was shown to be autochthonous BOD=$\beta$(sub)5$\times$chlorophyll a. The results of this study may be summarized as followed; The QUAL-2E model was calibrated with the data surveyed in the field of the study area in June, 1998. The calculated value by QUAL-2E model are in good agree to measured value within relative error of 7.80~20.33%. Especially, in the case of the considering autochthonous BOD, the calculated value of BOD were fairly good coincided with the observed values within relative error of 15%. But the case of not considering autochthonous BOD, relative error of BOD was shown to be 43.2%. In order to attain II grade of water quality standard in Puyo station which has a intake facility of water supply, we reduced to the pollutants loading of tributaries. In the case of removed 100% BOD of tributaries, the BOD of Puyo station was 4.07mg/$\ell$, belong to III grade of water quality standard. But in the case of removed 88% nutrient of tributaries, it was satisfied to II grade of water quality standard as below 3mg/$\ell$ of BOD. For estimation of autochthonous BOD in Keum river, we are performed simulating in accordance with reduction of nutrient load(50~100%) under conditions removal 90% organic load. Occupancy of autochthonous BOD according to nutrient loading reductions were varied from 25.97~79.51%. Occupancy of autochthonous BOD was shown to be a tendency to increasing in accordance with reduction of nutrient loading. Showing the above results, the nutrient that one of the growing factor of algae was important role in decision of BOD in the Keum river. For the water quality management of the Keum river, therefore, it is necessary to considering autochthonous BOD and to construction of advanced sewage treatment plant for nutrient removal.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.5177-5182
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• 2012

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitormonotherapy (EFGR-TKIs: gefitinib or erlotinib) with standard second-line chemotherapy (single agent docetaxel or pemetrexed) in previously treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: We systematically searched for randomized clinical trials that compared EGFR-TKI monotherapy with standard second-line chemotherapy in previously treated advanced NSCLC. The end points were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR), 1-year survival rate (1-year SR) and grade 3 or 4 toxicities. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) or risk ratio (RR), with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated employing fixed- or random-effects models depending on the heterogeneity of the included trials. Results: Eight randomized controlled trials (totally 3218 patients) were eligible. Our meta-analysis results showed that EGFR-TKIs were comparable to standard second-line chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC in terms of overall survival (HR 1.00, 95%CI 0.92-1.10; p=0.943), progression-free survival (HR 0.90, 95%CI 0.75-1.08, P=0.258) and 1-year-survival rate (RR 0.97, 95%CI 0.87-1.08, P=0.619), and the overall response rate was higher in patients who receiving EGFR-TKIs(RR 1.50, 95%CI 1.22-1.83, P=0.000). Sub-group analysis demonstrated that EGFR-TKI monotherapy significantly improved PFS (HR 0.73, 95%CI: 0.55-0.97, p=0.03) and ORR (RR 1.96, 95%CI: 1.46-2.63, p=0.000) in East Asian patients, but it did not translate into increase in OS and 1-year SR. Furthermore, there were fewer incidences of grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, febrile neutropenia and neutrotoxicity in EGFR-TKI monotherapy group, excluding grade 3 or 4 rash. Conclusion: Both interventions had comparable efficacy as second-line treatments for patients with advanced NSCLC, and EGFR-TKI monotherapy was associated with less toxicity and better tolerability. Moreover, our data also demonstrated that EGFR-TKImonotherapy tended to be more effective in East Asian patients in terms of PFS and ORR compared with standard second-line chemotherapy. These results should help inform decisions about patient management and design of future trials.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.101-111
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• 2008

To provide more natural elements in the harsh urban environment, 'planting trees as urban forests' has been emphasized as having an important role, and trees are expected to be as functional as the trees under more natural conditions in rural areas, and provide people with benefits. To do this, urban forest policies needed a better idea of planting methods and management of trees through the theory of landscape ecology, and also the feedback system according to the evaluation and assessment of urban forests. In this case study, a new principle and assessment indices for the evaluation are applied for the 4 urban forests in two Korean metropolitan cities, Daejeon and Ulsan. The evaluation of Korean urban forest-function as biotope and the assessment for the classification of biotope diversity types are carried out. The AUEM(Adding Up Estimation Matrix) is applied for the analysis of urban forests. Unlikely previous researches on the other Korean metropolitan cities, the size of urban forest has less influence on the vegetation diversity. The most frequent biotope grade is the 3rd grade at Namseon park and Mt. Hamwol, while Mt. Bomun and Mt. Yeompo show the 4th grade. The grades of forest-function as biotope are from 3rd to 5th in which lower than average in forest-function grades. This means that the 4 sites are still not-matured forests and less-functional forests as the urban biotope.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2007

The purposes of this study are to examine the adolescents' consumer knowledge and consumption behavior and analyze the factors affecting them. The sample of this study is 640 middle school students living in kyunggi province. The data are collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed by the descriptive statistics, t-test, One-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study are as follows. First, the third grade students and the female students get higher scores in the consumer knowledge compared with the first grade and the male students. Other factors affecting the level of consumer knowledge are occupation of parents, education level of mother, household income and GPA. Second, the consumption behavior of students is moderately resonable and affected by sex and grade of students, education level of mother, household income, and GPA. Third, the adolescent's consumer knowledge affects their consumption behavior. The results of multiple regression analysis show that 4% to 9% of variances of sub categories of the consumption behavior are explained by the level of consumer knowledge. Since the consumer knowledge learned at schools is rarely transferred to the reasonable consumption behavior, the systematic and relevant consumer education considering the development stages of adolescents is required in the future.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.161-170
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• 2015

These studies were conducted to establish the practical Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) improvement system through the combining of embryo transfer technology and confirming individual Hanwoo oocyte culture system and to investigate that correlation of Hanwoo carcass classification (intramuscular marbling) and oocyte donor for blastocyst production in vitro. In case of Hanwoo, the carcass meat quality grades were divided to grade $1^{{+}{+}}$, $1^{+}$, 1, 2, and 3 depends on fat distribution of longest muscle cross-sectional surface. As results, the numbers of follicular oocytes collected from individual fundamentally-registered Hanwoo yielded $1^{{+}{+}}$, $1^{+}$, 1, 2 and 3 meat quality were 9.5, 9.4, 8.5, 8.8 and 8.8 per ovary, respectively. The numbers of retrieval oocyte from follicles were significantly higher in the cattle yield $1^{{+}{+}}$, $1^{+}$ meat quality than in the cattle yield 1, 2 and 3 meat quality (p<0.05). The rates of blastocyst formation were 18.2, 21.3, 29.4, 30.9, and 31.5% in the cattle yield $1^{{+}{+}}$, $1^{+}$, 1, 2 and 3 meat quality of after in vitro maturation, respectively. It was significantly lower in the cattle yield $^{{+}{+}}$ and $1^{+}$ meat quality than in the cattle yield 1, 2 and 3 meat quality (p<0.05). In order to evaluate embryos quality, TUNNEL assay was conducted for each meat quality grade using blastocyst stage embryo on day 8. The results showed that apoptosis cell number was higher tendency in the cattle yield $1^{{+}{+}}$and $1^{+}$ meat quality (81 and 79, respectively) than in the cattle yield 1, 2 and 3 meat quality (51, 48 and 50, respectively) but there was no statistical significance in each group. After embryo transfer, the conception rate of recipient was 53.5 (23 out of 43), 52.1 (38 out of 73) and 58.0% (58 out of 100) in the meat quality of 1, $1^{+}$ and $1^{{+}{+}}$, respectively. These results showed that the conception rate was significantly higher in the cattle yield 1 meat quality than in the cattle yield $1^{{+}{+}}$, $1^{+}$, 2, and 3 meat quality (p<0.05). In summary, these results indicate that the application of confirming Hanwoo individual oocyte culture system and embryo transfer technology can make good use of the genetic resources conservation and improvement of Hanwoo. Relevance of the meat quality grade and reproductive ability of carcasses of Hanwoo will be considered to be one of the effective means for the associated research with obesity and reproduction.