• 영어어문교육
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.123-142
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• 2009

The present study used multi-faceted Rasch measurement to explore the characteristics and bias patterns of non-native raters when they scored L2 writing tasks. Three raters scored 254 writing tasks written by Korean university students on two topics adapted from the TOEFL Test of Written English (TWE). The written products were assessed using a five-category rating scale (Content, Organization, Language in Use, Grammar, and Mechanics). The raters only showed a difference in severity with regard to rating categories but not in task types. Overall, the raters scored Grammar most harshly and Organization most leniently. The results also indicated several bias patterns of ratings with regard to the rating categories and task types. In rater-task bias interactions, each rater showed recurring bias patterns in their rating between two writing tasks. Analysis of rater-category bias interaction showed that the three raters revealed biased patterns across all the rating categories though they were relatively consistent in their rating. The study has implications for the importance of rater training and task selection in L2 writing assessment.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2011

The present study aimed to determine the phonological errors of children in Korean-Vietnamese speaking multicultural families through comparison analyses with those of Korean monolingual peers with phonological disorders. The subjects were 38 children aged about 4-6 years. To examine phonological errors, the Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation (words) was used. Performances were analyzed by frequency. The results showed some differences between the two groups. There was a tendency for children in Korean-Vietnamese speaking multicultural families to show a higher frequency of phonological errors than Korean monolingual children with phonological disorders. However, the former showed lower error percentages in a few error patterns than the latter such as syllable final consonant deletion, showing similar patterns to those of the normal children. They also showed very unique error patterns such as the highest error percentage in palatal affricates. It remains to be seen if these error patterns are just delay in acquisition or phonological disorders.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.377-381
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• 2008

Prism sheet of LCD BLU which depends on supply from Japan and U.S.A was studied by using Si anisotropic etching and injection molding technologies. First, the prism sheet was patterned on Si wafer through photolithography, and the best conditions of Si etching were determined through etching Si wafer with TMAH to obtain straight optimized zigzag patterns, and a cross pattern to provide light diffusion and concurrent focusing. The etch rate of TMAH was concluded to be constant for $25wt%-70^{\circ}C$ condition. Ni stamp of prism sheet was made by electrodeposition using patterned Si wafer, normal or fast H/C(Heating/Cooling) injections were carried out to fabricate prism sheet. It was known that fast H/C injection could fabricate prism sheet more accurately than normal injection. Zigzag patterns and the cross pattern showed higher transmissivity than the straight patterns because of light diffusion through diagonal direction. The fast H/C injection for zigzag patterns showed lower transmissivity than normal injection because there occurred more light diffusion through precise injection patterns, but the fast H/C injection for straight patterns showed only refraction without diffusion, causing lower transmissivity than normal injection.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.150-161
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• 2007

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to investigate the prevalence of insomnia and to compare sleep patterns, demographic characteristics, and obstacles for sleep between women with and without insomnia. Methods: This was a descriptive study. Study participants were 1,679 Korean women aged over 20 years. Information on symptoms of insomnia, sleep patterns, and related factors was assessed by questionnaire. Symptoms of insomnia included difficulties in initiating and maintaining sleep and early morning awakening. Results: This study found that 32.0% of the study participants had insomnia, subjects with insomnia had bad sleep patterns compared to comparison group, lower educational level and menopause were closely related to insomnia, and noise, temperature, lighting, presence of bed partner, intake of caffeine, frequent urination, and pain or itching were associated with insomnia. Conclusion: This study suggests that insomnia is prevalent in women and closely associated with education level and menopausal status.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.162-166
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to identify the dietary patterns associated with hypertension among Korean males. Data from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey of 1,869 men aged 20-65 years were used for the analysis. As an initial analysis, a factor analysis was applied to identify major dietary patterns among the subjects. Then logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the pattern related with hypertension. As a result of the initial analysis, three major dietary patterns were identified. Dietary pattern 1 (traditional) was heavily loaded with vegetables, fish and cereal. Dietary pattern 2 (Western) was loaded with fast foods, bread, meats and dairy products. Dietary pattern 3 (Drinker) was loaded with mostly pork, beer and soju (Korean liquor). From the second stage of the analysis, there was a tendency of positive association between traditional patterns and hypertension risks. However, the tendency did not meet statistical significance level (p<0.05). In summary, unlikely findings from European and American studies, vegetables rich traditional dietary patterns did not show any protective effect on hypertension in Korean males. The Korean dietary practice, which is consuming salted vegetables instead of fresh vegetables, might have played a role in these findings. However, the full explanation of the findings remained to be answered with further investigation since none of the dietary patterns identified showed any statistical significance.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.75-87
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• 2011

The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of adolescents' psychosocial characteristics and parental communication patterns on suicidal ideation. Participants were 520 first- and second- year high-school students in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. Questionnaires included items on suicidal ideation, irrational beliefs, depression, hopelessness, and parental communication patterns. Data were statistically analyzed through a t-test, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression analysis, and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS for Win version 12.0. The major results were as follows: 1) Female adolescents had higher levels of irrational beliefs, depression, specific types of communication patterns from the father(placating) and suicidal ideation more than their male counterparts. The male adolescents showed more communication patterns from the father(blaming) than their female counterparts. 2) Depression, irrational beliefs, mothers' communication patterns (blaming), gender and hopelessness were significant predictors of adolescent suicidal ideation. 3) The adolescents' irrational beliefs had a mediating effect on the relationship between their suicidal ideation and dysfunctional parental communication.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.117-129
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to analyze the interaction patterns and the commonly accepted norms of reaching a consensus among small-group children when solving open-ended problems. In conclusion, open-ended problems have various strategies or different acceptable answers, so they give children learning opportunities to compare the answers and to participate in communication. And more valuable interaction patterns come from 'measuring','classifying' problems and open-ended problems with implicit solution. Therefore, teachers might as well consider the relation between problems and interaction patterns when they pose open-ended problems in a small-group study setting. They are expected to empower children to have sociomathematical norms of reaching a consensus un der indirect and supportive guidance.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2002

클러스터링은 부품 분류의 대표적인 방법인데, 클래스나 모듈의 응집도와 결합도를 이용한 기존의 클러스터링 방법은 클래스간의 관계에 중점을 둔 디자인 패턴을 기존의 클러스터링 방법을 이용하는 것은 효과적일 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 디자인 패턴을 분류하기 위해 패턴 구조의 특성을 가지고 분류하였다. 그리고 클러스터링에 의한 분류는 패싯 분류에 의한 방법보다 높은 정확도를 보여주었다. 따라서 자동화된 분류방법인 클러스터링 알고리즘을 사용하여 디자인 패턴을 분류하는 것이 효과적이라 할 수 있다. 디자인 패턴의 분류는 검색 시 유사한 패턴들이 같은 카테고리에 저장이 되므로 유사 패턴을 비교하여 사용할 수 있으며, 패턴 클러스터링에 의해 분류되고, 패턴의 링크정보를 이용하여 저장하므로 저장소를 효율적으로 관리할 수 있다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.505-510
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• 2000

Vehicle performances such as fuel consumption and catalyst-out emissions are affected by a driving pattern, which is defined as a driving cycle with the grade in this study. We developed an algorithm to recognize a current driving pattern by using a neural network. And this algorithm can be used in adapting the driving control strategy to the recognized driving pattern. First, we classified the general driving patterns into 6 representative driving patterns, which are composed of 3 urban driving patterns, 2 suburban driving patterns and 1 expressway driving pattern. A total of 24 parameters such as average cycle velocity, positive acceleration kinetic energy, relative duration spent at stop, average acceleration and average grade are chosen to characterize the driving patterns. Second, we used a neural network (especially the Hamming network) to decide which representative driving pattern is closest to the current driving pattern by comparing the inner products between them. And before calculating inner product, each element of the current and representative driving patterns is transformed into 1 and -1 array as to 4 levels. In the end, we simulated the driving pattern recognition algorithm in a temporary pattern composed of 6 representative driving patterns and, verified the reliable recognition performance.

• 대한수학교육학회지:학교수학
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.343-360
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• 2003

초등수학에서 중등수학으로의 이행에서 대수는 중요한 역할을 한다. 그리고 학교수학에서 어떻게 대수를 도입하는가 하는 문제는 중등수학 전반에서 그 성공여부를 결정짓는 중요한 요소가 된다. 일반적으로 학교대수는 대수 기호를 형식적으로 도입하는 전통적인 접근법을 따르고 있다. 이것은 대수를 일반화된 산술이라는 관점에서 보는 것으로, 여기서 문제는 이러한 접근법에서 학생들이 많은 어려움을 경험한다는데 있다. 따라서 이 글은 이러한 어려움을 해결하기 위한 하나의 대안으로 형식적인 대수 지도 방법을 대신하여 패턴과 일반화 측면을 강조하여 대수를 지도하는 방법에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 이것은 대수를 도입하는 다양한 관점 곧, 문제해결과 모델링, 일반화된 산술을 비롯하여 함수를 포함하며, 동시에 대수에 내재된 패턴을 통해 대수학습에서 핵심으로 다루어지는 일반화라는 사고 양식을 이끌어내기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 이 글은 먼저 대수와 패턴, 일반화 사이의 관계를 살펴보고, 그리고 패턴과 일반화를 강조한 대수 접근법이 대수 수업의 실제에서 어떻게 제시될 수 있는가에 대해 살펴볼 것이다.