• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.133-143
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• 2014

Purpose : The aim of this study was to determine the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features associated with re-excision due to the presence of a positive margin after breast conserving therapy (BCT) in breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 286 consecutive breast cancer patients who received BCT between January 2006 and December 2007. Among 246 patients who had undergone BCT, 38 (15.4%) underwent immediate further surgery due to positive margin status. We analyzed the MRI findings using ${\chi}^2$ test, Fisher's exact test and t tests. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted for prediction of re-excision. Results: Tumor size (p < 0.001), lesion multiplicity (p = 0.003), and non-mass-like enhancement (NMLE) type on MRI (p < 0.001) were associated with margin involvement in BCT. On preoperative MRI, larger size (${\geq}5cm$) (odds ratio = 2.96), NMLE (odds ratio = 3.81), and multifocal lesions (odds ratio = 2.54) were positively associated with re-excision. In cases involving NMLE, segmental distribution was associated with a greater likelihood of immediate re-excision. Conclusion: Larger size, multiplicity, and NMLE on MRI are significantly associated with re-excision after BCT in breast cancer patients. For NMLE lesions, the segmental distribution pattern was predictive of re-excision.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.111-131
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• 1998

The migmatitic gneiss in the Odesan Gneiss Complex has small amount of quartzite, amphibolite and marble and the Kuryong Group which contact with migmatitic gneiss unconformitly, also contains some amphibolite. Preview studies of this area had regarded that the amphibolites contact with marble had been produced by metasomatism from the pelitic and calcareous sediments mixtures, but the amphibolite is reinterpreted as igneous origin. $SiO_2$ content of the amphibolite is 45.9~52.7 wt%, which corresponds to basaltic composition. MgO content has narrow range (4.6~6.87 wt%) and major and trace element are plotted against MgO,$TiO_2, P_2O_5$, Hf, Zr are reduced and Cr and Ni are increased their content with increasing MgO. This phenomenon indicates that the basaltic magma as the protolith of the amphibolite had frationated with the crystallization of the pyroxene and/or olivine. REE pattern has smoothly decrease from LREE to HREE. Eu/Eu(0.83~1.19) show the flat Eu anomaly, which indicate small fractional crystallization of plagioclase. HREE is enriched in the garnet-bearing amphibolites. Several discrimination diagram for the basaltic magma show that the amphibolite of the study area is originated tholeiitic basaltic magma indicating continental rift environment. Due to determine the metamorphic condition garnet-hornblende geothermometry and hornblende-plagioclase geobarometry are used. Peak metamorphic temperature range of the amphibolite $788~870^{\circ}C$ and is deduced toward the northeastern part. The calculated temperature from the amphibolite has slightly higher than the temperature of the metapelites but the trend of metamorphic grade which decrease from western to eastern part progradly is similar to each other. The metamorphic pressure calculated by garnet- hornblede-plagioclase geobarometry is 4~5kb. But ilmenite-plagioclase pair enclosed in garnet show 8 kb at $700^{\circ}C$ by garnet-ilmenite-rutile-plagioclase geobarometery. The zonal profile of garnet in sample 84 shows the bell-shape profile, which grossular content decreases whereas pyrope content increases progressively. This means that the amphibolite has undergone the clockwise P-T-t path which is shown in the migmatitic gneiss of the Odesan Gneiss Complex.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.711-718
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• 2007

Most cattle breeds have a coat color pattern that is characteristic for the breed. Korean cattle(Hanwoo) has a coat color ranging from yellowish brown to dark brown including a red coat color. Variation in the Hanwoo coat color is likely to be the effects of modified genes segregating within the Hanwoo breed. MC1R encoded by the Extension(E) locus was almost fixed with recessive red e allele in the Hanwoo, but other gene(s) might be affecting the variation of the Hanwoo coat color into yellowish to red brown. We have analyzed a segregation of coat color in the F2 families generated from two Hanwoo bulls(yellowish brown) mated to six F1 dams(black) derived from Hanwoo and Holstein crosses. Segregation of coat color in the offspring found a ratio of 1(yellowish brown) : 1(black) and this ratio indicates that a single gene may play a major role for the Hanwoo coat color. We further investigated SNPs in MC1R, ASIP and TYRP1 loci to determine genetic cause of the Hanwoo coat color. Several polymorphisms within ASIP intron 2 and TYRP1 exons were found but not conserved within the Hanwoo population. However, the segregation of the MC1R e allele was completely associated with the Hanwoo coat color. Based on this information, it is clear that the MC1R e allele is mainly responsible for the yellowish red Hanwoo coat color. Further study is warrant to identify possible genetic interaction between MC1R e allele and other coat color related gene(s) for the variation of Hanwoo coat color from yellowish brown to dark brown. (Key words : Hanwoo, Coat color, SNP, MC1R, ASIP, TYRP1)

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2011

Background and Purpose: Uniformity is the one of the important quality control features with respect to gamma cameras. To maintain adequate uniformity, we must acquire suitable flood table (=flood map) data because the flood table effects energy, and the type or dose of input radiation. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the difference in uniformity when uniformity does not match between the type of input radiation and the flood table data or collimator type. Subjects and Methods: For input radiation, we prepared 370 MBq of $^{57}Co$, $^{99m}Tc$, and $^{201}Tl$. Using SKYLight (Philips) and Infinia gamma cameras (GE), we acquired nine uniformity data that were corrected by technetium, cobalt flood table and did not corrected image for the three sources. Additionally, we acquired two uniformity images with a collimator that were corrected by intrinsic and extrinsic flood tables. Using this data, we evaluated and compared the uniformity values. Results: In the case of the SKYLight gamma camera, the uniformities of the images that matched between the input radiation and flood table with respect to $^{99m}Tc$ and $^{57}Co$ were better than the unmatched uniformity (3.96% vs. 5.69% ; 4.9% vs. 5.91%). However, because there was no thallium flood table, the uniformities of images at Tl were significantly incorrect (7.49%, 7.03%). The uniformities of the Infinia gamma camera had the same pattern as the SKYLight gamma camera (3.7% vs. 4.5%). Moreover, the uniformity of the $^{99m}Tc$ image acquired with a collimator and corrected by an extrinsic flood table was better than the intrinsic flood table (3.96% vs. 6.28%). Conclusion: Correcting an image by a suitable flood table can help achieve better uniformity for a gamma camera. Therefore, we have to acquire images with suitable uniformity correction, and update the flood table periodically. Whenever we acquire a nuclear medicine image, we always have to check the appropriate flood table according to the acquired condition.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 2003

Purpose: The effects of hypefractionation radiation therapy, such as the failure pattern and survival, on the treatment results in advanced stage head and neck cancer were studied. Materials and Methods: Between September 1990 and October 1998, 24 patients with advanced stage (III, IV) head and neck cancers, were treated using hyperfractionation radiation therapy in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center. The male to female ratio was 7 : 1, and the age range from 38 to 71 years with the median of 56 years. With regard to the TNM stage, 11 patients were stage III and 13 were stage IV. The sites of primary cancer were the nasopharynx in six, the hypopharynx in 6, the larynx in five, the oropharynx in three, the maxillary sinus in three, and the oral cavity in one patient. The radiotherapy was delivered by 6 MV X-ray, with a fraction size of 1.2 Gy at two fractions a day, with at least 6 hours inter-fractional interval. The mean total radiation doses was 72 Gy, (ranging from 64.4 to 75.8 Gy). Follow-up periods ranged between 3 and 136 months, with the median of 52 months. Results: The overall survival rates at 3 and 5 years in all patients were 66.7$\%$, and 52.4$\%$. The disease-free survival rates at 3 and S years (3YDFS, 5YDFS) in all patients were 66.7$\%$ and 47.6$\%$. The 3YDFS and 5YDFS in stage III patients were 81.8$\%$ and 63.6$\%$, and those in stage IV patients were 53.8$\%$ and 32.3$\%$. Ten patients were alive with no local nor distant failures at the time of analyses. Six patients (25$\%$) died due to distant metastasis and 12.5$\%$ died due to local failure. Distant metastasis was the major cause of failure, but 2 patients died due to unknown failures and 3 of other diseases. The distant metastasis sites were the lung (3 patients), the bone (1 patient), and the liver (2 patients). One patient died of second esophageal cancer. There were no severe late complications, with the exception of 1 osteo-radionecrosis of the mandible 58 months after treatment. Conclusion: Although this study was peformed on small patients group, we considered hypefractionated radiation therapy for the treatment of advanced stage head and neck cancer might improve the disease free survival and decrease the local failure with no increase in late complications despite of the slight Increase in acute complications.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different abutment materials on abutment screw loosening and settling-down effect in conical connection type implant system. Materials and methods: Three types of abutment, cementation, gold UCLA, and metal UCLA abutment were used. Two UCLA groups were fabricated in a similar pattern to cementation abutment. Type III gold alloy and Nickel-Chromium alloy was used for casting gold UCLA abutment and metal UCLA abutment, respectively. Fixture and abutment were tightened to 30 Ncm by using digital torque controller and re-tightening was conducted with same force after 10 minutes. Digital torque gauge was used to measure loosening torque and fixture/abutment length was measured by digital micrometer. Dynamic loads between 25 N and 250 N were applied with $0^{\circ}$ angle to the abutment axis. After loading, fixture/abutment length was re-measured and amount of settlement was calculated. Loosening torque value was also measured for comparison Results: All three groups showed significant differences of length when comparing before and after loading, but there was no significant difference of settling amount in all groups. Loosening torque values were significantly decreased when comparing before and after loading in all groups($P$<.05). However, there was no significant difference in loss of loosening torque values when compared to groups. Conclusion: In internal conical connection type implants, dynamic load affected on settlement and loosening torque of implant, but there was no differences between abutments materials. Likewise gold UCLA abutment, metal UCLA abutment might be able to withstand functional load.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.303-313
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• 2015

This study investigates the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of seasonal salted-Kimchi cabbages to provide basic data on its uniform quality. Generally, seasonal salted-Kimchi samples had different pH values at initial storage periods, but there was no difference in pH between the seasonal samples when stored for longer periods. The samples from the fall and winter seasons were relatively low in acid and high in solid soluble content compared to samples from other seasons. Salted-Kimchi cabbages in the summer showed the highest microbiological number compared to samples from other seasons. In the sensory evaluation, there were differences in the appearance, aroma, and taste, depending on seasonal samples at different storage periods. The correlation coefficient between the quality characteristics in the seasonal samples showed a positive or negative correlation between the quality characteristics at 1% significant level. In the principal component analysis, F1 and F2 were shown the 51.81% and 14.23% of the total variance (66.21%), respectively. In the PCA pattern of seasonal salted-Kimchi cabbages during storage periods, winter samples were distributed on the top of F2, spring samples were in the middle of F2, while the rest of the samples were distributed on the bottom of F2. According to increasing storage periods, initial storage samples were distributed at the left of F1, while other samples were located at the right of F2.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.923-928
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties of different types of topsoil in forest ecosystems by damage pattern and analyse the possibility of using the topsoil as a planting ground construction material. There were 72 samples from 36 sites of 12 damaged areas and 36 sites of 12 non-damaged areas. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of topsoil from non-damaged areas of forest ecosystems were on an average clay loam~sandy loam in soil texture, showing $0.95{\sim}1.10Mg/m^3$ in soil bulk density, $35.7{\sim}44.0m^3/m^3$ in solid phase, 56.0~64.3 in soil porosity, 8.4~35.8% in aggregate stability, 5~13 mm in soil hardness, 5.3~6.1 in pH, 0.14~0.65 dS/m in EC, 0.28~0.42% in T-N, $14{\sim}22cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, $0.15{\sim}0.31cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $K^+$, $2.07{\sim}2.84cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Ca^{2+}$, $0.45{\sim}1.97cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Mg^{2+}$, 17~96 mg/kg in Av. $P_2O_5$ and 3.2~5.6% in OM. On the other hand, damaged areas were on an average clay loam~loamy sand in soil texture, showing $1.54{\sim}1.75Mg/m^3$ in soil bulk density, $52.8{\sim}58.0m^3/m^3$ in solid phase, 42.0~47.2 in soil porosity, 4.2~22.5% in aggregate stability, 13~25 mm in soil hardness, 4.8~5.5 in pH, 0.13~0.62 dS/m in EC, 0.02~0.12% in T-N, $5{\sim}15cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, $0.11{\sim}0.18cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $K^+$, $0.45{\sim}2.36cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Ca^{2+}$, $0.39{\sim}0.96cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Mg^{2+}$, 15~257 mg/kg in Av. $P_2O_5$ and 0.4~2.2% in OM. After conducting a comparison of physicochemical characteristics of non-damaged forest area and damaged areas, it was found that the physicochemical characteristics of damaged areas were more deteriorated compared to that of non-damaged areas. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to establish countermeasures for the conservation and management of the damaged areas for topsoil recycling in the future.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2018

Genistein is one of the representative isoflavone compounds isolated from soybeans and has been studied very well for its anti-aging and anti-inflammatory activity through previous studies. However, although genistein exhibits high solubility in organic solvents, it shows low bioavaility due to the low water solubility. In this study, we compared directly the functional difference between genistein and genistein cyclodextrin complex which has the improved water solubility and stability by cell based assay. Cell cytotoxicity experiment were carried out on RAW264.7 with CCK-8 assay and cytotoxicity was appeared from $10{\mu}g/mL$, thereby maximum concentration was set to $10{\mu}g/mL$ in all condition. We discovered that genistein CD complex suppressed NO production and iNOS expression as concentration dependent manner in the condition of LPS rather than genistein. Also, we could understand that genistein CD complex was able to down-regulate mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as $IL1-{\alpha}$, $IL1-{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ as concentration dependent manner in the presence of LPS. In addition, we verified that genistein CD complex increased TEER of HaCaT human keratinocyte cells as concentration dependent pattern and stimulated cell division and migration rather than genistein in cell migration assay. Thus, it is expected that it can be used as an effective cosmetic raw material for improving atopic dermatitis or skin barrier if clinical studies on skin regeneration and skin barrier of the genistein CD complex are carried out.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.604-611
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• 2011

Several wild yeasts were isolated from Korean grape varieties before and during spontaneous fermentation. Among them, four strains were isolated based on the alcohol content and flavor production in wine after fermentation of apple juice. In this study, the four yeast strains were identified and characterized. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of ITS I-5.8S-ITS II region with restriction endonuclease Hae III and Hinf I resulted in that all the strains showed a typical pattern of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pulse field gel electrophoresis showed three different chromosome patterns with a same band between strains SS89 and SS812. When ITS I-5.8S-ITS II sequences of the four strains were compared with one another, they were similar to those of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 4054 type strain. Identity of the sequences was higher than 97% with those of the type strain. Phylogenetic analysis showed based on the sequences showed they were genetically closed to the type strain. The four identified strains were tested in a medium containing 200 ppm potassium metabisulfite, and the MM10 and WW108 inhibition rates resulted at up to 24 h. The four strains were tested at an incubation temperature of $30^{\circ}C$. The 30% sugar concentration in the medium (w/v) showed the highest growth in 36 h, especially in the case of SS89, which was close to growth 40. The four strains were tested in an 8% ethanol medium (v/v). Alcohol tolerance was initially kept in the incubation process. The strains began to adapt, however, to the exceeded resistance. The four strains showed the lowest inhibition rate at 24 h.