• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.34
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• pp.189-223
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• 2007

In Korea-U.S.A. FTA Negotiation, U.S.A. request to eliminate barriers of tariffs and non-tariff in trade of cosmetics. Korea applies tariffs of 8% on most cosmetics and personal care products. There are some non-tariffs barriers in cosmetics trade between Korea and U.S.A., for example, transparency on restriction and regulatory, cosmeceuticals, import clearance review, quality control testing, ingredient labelling. Tariffs of 8% on most cosmetics should be eliminated, a proviso of complementary measures on sanitation of Korean people about imported cosmetics. This is a meaning of reformation of prior management(tariffs) by strong ex post management in cosmetics trade. It is important that Korea should construct system of ex post management, for instance, construction of data base on manufacturer, importer, bland name of cosmetics and all ingredients of cosmetics. This is concerned with labelling of cosmetics and cosmeceutical and publication of Korean edition of INCI(International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredient).

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.106-116
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• 2012

This paper aims to develop the adequate quality cost model at a company which delivers ICT(information communication technology) services. One particular business unit was in the first instance selected and quality costs were then analysed at an organization level, for a department and for specific processes. Some areas were determined for quality improvement at each level and their causes were also investigated. However, the existing PAF(prevention, appraisal and failure) models reveled some limitations because the ICT services company included the different number of large and complicated business processes. The PAF model did not sufficiently highlight the detailed causes of failure costs. It did not also stimulate the relevant department's strong responsibility to improve such problems. Both micro PAF and process cost models were proposed in order to cope with this. In final, it explains the relationship between six sigma and quality costing, suggesting how to use the quality costing results as a means of promoting either continuous improvement or innovation in a case company.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.281-292
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• 2005

Information on maritime boundaries is essential to manage ocean and fisheries effectively in the era of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. With various information regarding to maritime boundaries analysed and reviewed, maritime boundaries are mainly divided into two categories such as international and domestic boundaries and also sub-divided into two aspects such as administrative and other boundaries. After clarification of boundary information, the geographical natures of boundaries, for instance datum, projection, line types, are reviewed. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is used for the establishment, management and utilization of boundary information due to its strong function in database, analysis, visualization, etc.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.336-339
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• 1999

Photo-excited $TiO_2$ surface has a strong ability to induce various chemical reactions. Our study concentrates mainly on the utilisation of light energy to induce reactive radicals for environmental protection application. For instance, we have successfully used TiO$_2$ to break down foul smelling substances in air. In order to retain and separate the $TiO_2$ catalyst from the reactants and products, $TiO_2$ was immobilised by fixing onto various substrates. $TiO_2$ catalyst coated onto glass, wall paper and painted panel was found to show significant deodorising effect. The deodorising effect continues as long as$TiO_2$ is exposed to light irradiation.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.106-111
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• 2021

Multiple sales promotions for one product can be simultaneously offered. For instance, marketers can offer a premium along with a price discount. In the present research, we primarily focus on offers containing both a bonus pack and a price discount. In particular, this research examines whether consumer evaluations of offers containing both a bonus pack and a price discount (i.e., BP + PD offers) vary according to consumers' saving orientation. Specifically, we predict that for consumers with strong (vs. weak) saving orientation, offers containing the high PD but low extra amount of BP will be more favorably evaluated than offers with a high extra amount of BP but low PD. A series of two experimental results show that consumers' saving orientation moderates their evaluations of BP and PD offers, which supports the prediction. The findings imply that marketers can evoke more positive consumer responses to BP and PD offers, considering individual differences such as saving orientation.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.71-97
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• 2012

There has been an upward trend in smartphone sales in Korea as well as the rest of the world. Even though smartphones are now at the peak of their popularity, the fact that they are somewhat limited in terms of their usages for certain purposes is unexpected. Precisely, compared to PC, smartphones typically have smaller display screens with a lower resolution, which make them difficult to use in general. For instance, when customers search the information about products in mobile shopping malls, due to the smaller screen with a low resolution smartphone users may realize that it is not easy and convenient not only to search the information, but also to read the information they found in the shopping malls. This restriction could become one of reasons that lowers the perceived quality of information in the shopping malls, which in turn leads to the reluctance to use the shopping malls. A comprehensive information systems (IS) literature review found that there has been little empirical evidence on perceived information quality that affects smartphone users' intention to use mobile shopping malls. The purposes of this study is to examine 1) the effects of perceived information quality on smartphone users' intention to use mobile shopping malls and 2) the relationships among behavioral beliefs in the middle of independent and dependent variables, such as information satisfaction, perceived usefulness, and customers' attitude toward mobile shopping. A survey was conducted in March 2012. College students and practitioners took participated in the survey. Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) was used for all data analysis. The results found that there is a strong relationship between perceived information quality and smartphone users' intention to use mobile shopping malls. In addition, this study also showed that there are strong relationships among behavioral beliefs. Further research is expected to validate the findings of this study and apply them in specific contexts.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.37-46
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• 2010

This study investigates acoustic characteristics of English and Korean voiceless sibilant fricatives as they appear before the three vowels, /i/, /$\alpha$/ and /u/. Three measurements - duration, center of gravity and major spectral peak - are employed to compare acoustic properties and vowel effect for each fricative sound. This study also investigates the question of whether Korean sibilant fricatives are acoustically similar to the English voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ or to the palato-alveolar /$\int$/. The results show that in the duration of frication noise, English /$\int$/ is the longest and Korean lax /s/ the shortest of the four sounds. It is also observed that English alveolar /s/ has the highest value, whereas Korean /s/ shows the lowest value in the frequency of center of gravity. In terms of major spectral peak, while English /s/ reveals the highest frequency, English /$\int$/ shows the lowest value. In addition, evidence indicates that there is a strong vowel effect in the fricative sounds of both languages, although the vowel effect patterns of the two languages are inconsistent. For instance, in the major spectral peak, both Korean lax /s/ and tense /$s^*$/ show significantly higher frequencies before the vowel /$\alpha$/ than before the other vowels, whereas both English /s/ and /$\int$/ exhibit significantly higher frequencies before the vowel /i/ than before the other vowels. These results indicate that Korean sibilant fricatives are acoustically distinct from both English /s/ and /$\int$/.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.41-55
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics for pattern by making a sort of various store choice behaviors and analysing impact both direct and indirect, which is based on the presentation of the influence of clothing store choice behavior into the causal relationship per store type against clothing shopping orientation, information search activity and store image attribution. The results was that consumers who like to the top brand's commodities, had commonly high tendency to and fro its trademark and store allegiance. Furthermore, they have usually bought something following on their inclination what they had purchased as well as the store decoration character and the marketing promotion attribute. The other consumers who prefer to the discount store's merchandises, had also high propensity and the biggest influence on buying something which were those factors; their instance shopping habit, utility-economy trait, follow the fashion character and strong circumspection tendency besides using the mass media Info., personal data and commodities' attribute.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.109-124
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• 2000

For rational human value judgement and evaluation, provision of clear evaluation data, objective value judgement criteria, and properly generalized methods are required. For instance, this is true for software quality evaluation, and the measure of software quality and the weighting method of evaluation target directly affect final decisions. However it is not easy to find a generalized method for the software quality evaluation or product selection, because of its complex characteristics. In this paper, we apply the qualitative preference method based on quantitative belief functions to find a general weighing method for the software quality evaluation. In particular, the qualitative preference method, in which the differentiated preference expression is possible, is conceptually expanded for general applications in future. For this purpose, we hierarchically differentiate the strong preference relation from the weak preference relation, and show an example of quantification of software quality evaluation on different applications, by comparing the qualitative preference method with AHP. We believe that the application domain of this method is not limited to the software quality evaluation and it is very useful to apply this results to other SE areas, e.g., metric selection with different views and riority determination of practices to be assessed in the SPICE.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.8-22
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• 1988

Vincristine and vinblastine isolated from Vinco spp. , and podophyllotoxine derivatives isolated from Podophyllum spp. are usefulas anticancerous components obtaned from higher plants. More thanten antineoplastic compounds are now following them as anticancerousagents from higher plants. In my laboratory, Sarcoma 180A has beenused as the first screening test. By this method, I have found outsome kinds of antineoplastic constituents from active plants extracts .For instance, bisaborane type compounds were isolated from Curcumaxanthorrhiza, one of Indonesian plants; a morphinane type compoundfromCocculus trilobus; cyclic hexapeptides from Rubia akane and R.cordiorta. Seven components having antineoplastic actirity wereisolated from Rubia spp. except. R. tinctoria. Their structures wereelucidated except RA-Vl by chemical reaction and variovs instrumentalanalysis as shown in Fig. Among of them, RA-Vll showed strong activityagainst P388 Lymphocytic leukemia, L2O, B16 melanoma, Lewis lungcarcinoma, colon 38 and Ehrlich carcinoma. RA-V revealed excellentactivity against MM2 mammary carcinoma. The· value of acute LD5O ofRA-ViI were 10. Omg/kg( iP) and 16.5mg/kg( po ) respectiveIy . Therapruticratio was 400, compared with 10 of mitomycin C. QSAR was also appliedto these compounds by elongation of ether and ester side chains atR'. Mechanism of action of RA-Vll was also investigated and wasassumed to be inhibition of protein biosynthesis .