• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.78-87
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim was to collect and classify the Cordyceps parasitized in cicadas from July to October every year from 1990 to 2016 in Korea. And they were frequently collected in Nepal, Vietnam, Japan, China, and Thailand. Methods: Cordyceps parasitizing cicadas collected in mountains and fields. Results: A total of 1,104 specimens were collected that belonged to 10 different species under nine genera. The highest number of samples belonged to Ophiocordyceps (563 specimens), followed by Isaria (361 specimens), Polycephalomyces (73 specimens), Cordyceps (70 specimens), Beauveria (25 specimens), Perennicordyceps (8 specimens), Metarhizium (2 specimens) and Purpureocillium (2 ones). Among Ophiocordyceps spp. O. longissima was most frequently collected with a total of 426 samples out of 563, followed by O. heteropoda with 120 ones and O. sobolifera with 17 specimens. The species mainly collected in Korea, but C. ishikariensis was collected in Nepal only. The new characteristic was that Isaria cicada-like synnemata were found growing together with C. ishikariensis stromata on the same host. In Korea, the collected 691 specimens in total out of 1,104 were found in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island. Other mountains in Korea where the samples were collected were Mountains Daeryong, Jiri, Yongmoon, Samag, Seolag, Gujeol, Duryun, Baegam, Chilgap, Chundeung, Naejang, Welchul, and Daeryong. The three samples were not identified. Conclusions: A total of 1,104 specimens belonged to 10 different species under nine genera, and the collected 691 samples were found in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island.

• Mycobiology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.79-81
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• 2012

Cankers are localized dead areas in the bark of stems, branches or twigs of many types of trees and shrubs, and are usually caused by fungi. We observed severe canker symptoms in oak trees located in Gyeongnam province in 2011. A total 31 trees were discovered with cankers of varied size, with an average of $48.5{\times}15.2cm$. Black, half-rounded globular mound shaped stromata were associated with the cankers, and the asci of the fungi associated with the cankers were cylindrical shaped with their spore-bearing parts being up to 84 ${\mu}m$ in length. The average fungal ascospores size was $7.59{\times}4.23{\mu}m$. The internal transcribed spacer sequence for the canker causing fungus showed 99% similarity to the sequence of $Annulohypoxylon$ $truncatum$. In this study, the isolated fungus was precisely described and then compared with fungi of similar taxa.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.241-250
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• 2000

In 1997, a new disease on creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass occurred in the green and fairway of a few golf courses in Korea. The disease spread gradually throughout the country and became a threat to turfgrass management. Symptoms of the disease consisted of small, circular, and sunken patches sized 3~5cm in diameter. The disease named as a dollar spot following its characteristic symptoms of circular blight and bleach on the green. The disease peaked two times in a year from April to June and from late August to October and white cottony mycelia of the causal fungus developed on diseased turfs in the early morning when the conditions were favored. A causal fungus was consistently isolated from the infected tufgrass and seven isolates originated from seven golf courses located in six provinces were selected for further study. The fungus produced abundant white aerial mycelia on PDA and turned to dark gray or light brown as it aged. Width of the mycelium was ca. $5~8\mu\textrm{m}$. While sclerotia were not readily formed on the medium, scattered small and dark colored stromata were developed on the surface. The fungus grew well on PDA between 5 to $30^{\circ}C$ and maximally around $25^{\circ}C$. Based on investigated mycological and cultural characteristics, the causal agent of dollar spot was identified as Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. The fungus showed strong pathogenicity to several turfs as creeping bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescues, and zoysiagrass.

• Mycobiology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.171-175
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• 2010

Metacordyceps yongmunensis is a newly reported species from Korea, which is very similar to Cordyceps species in morphological characters. It grows on large lepidopteran pupa, and numerous white stromata grow on a single host. Mycelial growth characteristics of M. yongmunensis isolates were studied in different media and at different temperatures. Also, different carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and mineral salts were tested for mycelial growth of M. yongmunensis. Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics complete medium plus yeast extract, Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics minimal medium, and Martin's peptone dextrose agar produced longer colony diameters and more compact mycelial density than other media. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$. Carbon sources such as sucrose, soluble starch, dextrose, glucose, dextrin, maltose, and fructose showed better mycelial growth, whereas peptone, yeast extract and tryptone resulted in the best mycelial growth of all of the nitrogen sources tested. All of the mineral salts tested showed similar growth as the control, except $K_2HPO_4$ which showed longer colony diameter and more compact mycelial density. The compact colonies were white and cottony with a greenish margin. The results showed that M. yongmunensis is an easy fungus to growas it grew from 30 to more than 50 mm in 2 wk.

• Mycobiology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.178-181
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• 2005

Cordyceps militaris specimens were continuously collected by Entomopathogenic Fungal Culture Collection (EFCC), Kangwon National University from different mountains, national parks and recreation parks of Korea from 1986 to 2002, mainly from late May to October of each year. Dry specimens of C. militaris along with their isolates have been preserved in EFCC. Fruiting of C. militaris was induced from single ascospore isolates as well as their combinations in brown rice medium. Fruiting experiments showed that combinations of single ascospore isolates produced fertile fruiting bodies, but single isolates could not produce any fruiting bodies. It was shown that two isolates of the opposite mating types were required to produce fertile stromata. However, combinations of the same mating type isolates produced no fruiting body, showing that C. militaris is a bipolar, heterothallic fungus.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.275-280
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• 1999

The genus of Hypoxylon, well known wood degrading fungi, is a member of the Xylariales, which has woody to carbonaceous, brown to dark brown stromata. Hypoxylon moriforme, which was isolated from heavily decayed hardwood, is fairly described by electron microscope. The isolation of H. moriforme will be the first record and the first description in Korea. The species collected, having small size of ascospores $7.5\sim9.0\times2.5\sim4.0{\mu}m$ and asci $75\sim130\times3\sim5{\mu}m$, are taxonomically compared with H. truncatum, which is well known as a popular species in Northeast Asia. And H. bovei and H. annulatum, which are the tropic to subtropic species and also compared with other temperate species of H. moriforme.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2015

Cellular aspects of sooty mold on walnut leaves were investigated by using light and electron microscopy. A black coating developed on the adaxial leaf surface of a walnut tree. No infestations were found on the abaxial leaf surface with peltate glandular trichomes. Light microscopy showed that fungal complexes from the leaf surface were composed of brown conidia and hyphae. Conidia, with longitudinal and transverse septa, were variable in length ranging from 10 to $30{\mu}m$, and commonly found in clusters, forming microsclerotia. Neither epidermal penetration nor hyphal entrance to host tissues was observed. Based on their morphological characteristics, the fungal complexes were assumed to be Capnodium species. An electron-dense melanized layer was present on the cell wall of multi-celled conidia. Concentric bodies in the fungal cytoplasm had an electron-translucent core surrounded by an electron-dense margin with a fibrillar sheath. Chloroplasts without starch granules in the palisade mesophyll cells of sooty leaves had electron-dense stromata and swollen plastoglobuli. These results suggest that the epiphytic growth of fungal complexes can be attributed to the melanized layer and concentric bodies against a water-deficient environment on the leaf surface. Ultrastructural characteristics of the sooty leaves indicate typical features of dark-adapted and non-photosynthetic shade leaves.

• Mycobiology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.133-136
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• 2010

Stromatal fruiting bodies of Cordyceps cardinalis were successfully produced in cereals. Brown rice, German millet and standard millet produced the longest-length of stromata, followed by Chinese pearl barley, Indian millet, black rice and standard barley. Oatmeal produced the shortest-length of fruiting bodies. Supplementation of pupa and larva to the grains resulted in a slightly enhanced production of fruiting bodies; pupa showing better production than larva. 50~60 g of brown rice and 10~20 g of pupa mixed with 50~60 mL of water in 1,000 mL polypropylene (PP) bottle was found to be optimum for fruiting body production. Liquid inoculation of 15~20 mL per PP bottle produced best fruiting bodies. The optimal temperature for the formation of fruiting bodies was $25^{\circ}C$, under conditions of continuous light. Few fruiting bodies were produced under the condition of complete darkness, and the fresh weight was considerable low, compared to that of light condition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 1967

In the present paper author investigated the symptom, pathogenic fungus and pathogenicity of Endothia canker of Carpinus laxiflora in Korea, and made clear the indistinct discription on its pathogen in the past. 1. The pathogen is identified as Endothia fluens (Schw.) Shear et Stevens. The discription is recorded as follows: Stromata cortical, erumpent, spherical or conical, outer yellowish-brown and inner yellowish, 0.5 to 2.5 mm in diameter; perithecia irregularly embeded in the bottom of stroma, 7 to 23 in a stroma usually spherical to elliptical or irregular, 235 to $370{\mu}$ in diameter, with black slender necks; each neck open the papilliate ostiole to the surface, about 250 to $400{\mu}$ in length; asci clavate or fusoid, colorless, 31.16 to 42.64 by 6.54 to $8.20{\mu}$ in size, average 37.02 by $6.84{\mu}$, with 8 ascospores in double line; ascospores elliptical, ovate or cylindrical, with rounded ends, hyaline, 1-septate, not constrict at the septum, 6.51 to 9.30 by 3.16 to $3.72{\mu}$, average 7.61 by $3.44{\mu}$ in size; pycnidia formed abundantly in stroma. spherical at first but later irregular large cavity by fussing each other; pycnospores oblong or rod-shaped, hyaline, non-septate, 3.8 by $1.9{\mu}$ in size; spore-horn formed abundantly under moist condition. 2. The pathogen is wound parasite invading the hosts through the wound. But after the infection is established, expanding the disease lesion is swiftly vigorus.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 2023

The fungal pathogen Pseudocercospora fuligena, known to affect tomatoes in the tropics and subtropics, has been reported from temperate climates including the United States and Turkey in recent years. In this study, an isolate from fresh tomatoes and the disease it causes were characterized and infection mechanisms investigated. Macroscopically, both sides of tomato leaves show indistinct effuse patches but prolific production of fuliginous lesions is conspicuous on the abaxial side first but also on the adaxial side later on as infection progressed. Microscopically, fascicles of conidiophores (11-128 ㎛ × 3.5-9 ㎛) arising from stromata and conidia with up to 12 septations were observed. Molecular characterization of the isolate revealed high homology (99.8%) to other P. fuligena isolated from tomatoes in Turkey. Out of the 10 media tested, P. fuligena grew significantly well and sporulated better on unsealed tomato oatmeal agar and carrot leaf decoction agar, both supplemented with CaCO₃. Direct transfer of conidia from profusely sporulating lesions was the easiest and quickest method of isolation for in-vitro studies. Light and scanning electron microscopy on cleared and intact tomato leaves further confirmed stomatal penetration and egress as well as prevalence of primary and secondary infection hyphae. In situ, blocked stomatal aperture areas of 154, 401, and 2,043 ㎛² were recorded at 7, 12, and 17 days after inoculation, respectively. With the recent expanded horizon of the pathosystem and its consequential impact, such studies will be useful for a proper diagnosis, identification and management of the disease on tomato worldwide.