• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.8-15
• /
• 1989

Agricultural materials do not react in a purely elastic manner, and their responses when subjected to stress and strain are appeared from a combination of elastic and viscous behavior. Various researchers have studied the mechanical and rheological properties of the many agricultural materials, but those properties are available mostly foreign varieties of agricultural products. Rheological properties of rice seedlings become important to formulate the principles governing their mechanical behavior. The objectives of this study were to experimentally determine the stress relaxation properties of rice seedlings such as three Japonica-type and one Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid in the transplanting age. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1. The stress relaxation behavior could be described by the generalized Maxwell model. 2. The phenomenon of stress relaxation happened abruptly just after loading and this phenomenon weakened with the loading time lapsed. 3. With increase of the initial stress, the stress relaxation intensity and residual stress increased, while the relaxation time was constant with increased, while the relaxation time was constant with increase of the level of initial stress. 4. With increase of loading rate, the stress relaxation intensity increased, while the relaxation time and residual stress decreased.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.84-90
• /
• 2002

The strength and the life of welded components are affected extensively by the residual stresses distributed around their weldments not only under static loads, but also fatigue loads. The residual stress can be superimposed with externally applied loads, so that unexpected deformations and failures of members will be occurred. These residual stresses are not kept constant, but relaxed or redistributed during in service. Under static loads the relaxation takes place when the external stress superimposed with the residual stress exceeds locally the yield stress of material used. It is shown that under fatigue loads the residual stress is considerably relieved by the first or flew cycle loading, and then gradually relaxed with increasing loading cycles. In this study the phenomenon and mechanism of the stress relaxation by mechanical means were investigated and a model to predict quantitatively the residual stress relaxation for the case of static and fatigue loading condition was proposed.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2001.06a
• /
• pp.424-429
• /
• 2001

Residual stresses can be produced during manufacturing processes, eg. welding, machining and plastic working, and also in service. It can be superimposed with externally applied loads, so that unexpected deformations and failures of members will be occurred. Especially, the strength and the life of welded components are affected extensively by the residual stresses distributed around their weldments not only under static loads, but also fatigue loads. These residual stresses are not kept constant, but relaxed or redistributed during service. Under static loads the relaxation takes place when the residual stress superimposed with external stress exceeds locally the yield stress of material used. It is shown that under fatigue loads the residual stress is considerably relieved by the first or few cycle loading, and then gradually relaxed with increasing loading cycles. Although many investigations in this field have been carried out, the phenomenon and mechanism of the stress relaxation by mechanical means are still not clear, and there are few comprehensive models for predicting specific effects on the stress relaxation. In this study, the effects of applied static and fatigue loads on the residual stress relaxation were Investigated, and a model to predict quantitatively the residual stress relaxation was proposed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
• /
• v.26 no.10
• /
• pp.2018-2025
• /
• 2002

It is well known that the strength and the fatigue life of welded steel components are affected extensively by welding residual stresses distributed around their weldments under not only monotonic but also cyclic loads. The externally applied loads are to be superimposed with the welding residual stresses, so that unexpected deformations and failures of the components might occur. These residual stresses are not kept constant, but relaxed or redistributed during in service. Under monotonic loads the relaxation takes place when the sum of external and welding residual stress exceeds locally the yield stress of material used. By the way, it is shown that under cyclic loads the welding residual stress is considerably relieved by the first or the early cycles of loads, and then gradually relaxed with increasing loading cycles. Although many investigations in this field have been carried out, the phenomenon and mechanism of the stress relaxation are still not clear, and there are few comprehensive models to predict amount of relaxed welding residual stress. In this study, the characteristics of the welding residual stress relaxation under monotonic and cyclic loads were investigated, and a model to predict quantitatively amount of welding residual stress relaxation was proposed.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.78 no.1
• /
• pp.23-30
• /
• 2021

In this paper, we established the generalized thermoelasticity phenomenon in an isotropic elastic medium considering the electromagnetic field, rotation and two-temperature. Three theories of generalized thermoelasticity have been applied: Lord-Shulman (one relaxation time), Green-Lindsay (two relaxation times), as well as the coupled theory. We discussed some particular cases in the context of the wave propagation phenomenon in thermoelasticity. From solving the fundamental equations, we arrived that there are three waves: P-, T- and SV-waves that we calculated their velocities. The boundary conditions for mechanical stress and Maxwell's stress and thermal insulated or isothermal have been applied to determine the amplitudes ratios (reflection coefficients) for P-, T - and SV waves. Some utilitarian aspects are obtained from the reflection coefficients, presented graphically, and the new conclusions have been presented. Comparisons are made for the results predicted by different theories (CT, LS, GL) in the absence and presence of the electro-magnetic field, rotation, as well as two-temperature on the reflection of generalized thermoelastic waves. The results obtained concluded that the external parameters as the angle of incidence, electromagnetic field, rotation as well as the theories parameters have strong effect on the phenomenon.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.11 no.6
• /
• pp.113-119
• /
• 1999

Fatigue failure is a phenomenon such that structures under cyclic service load is failed by sudden brittle manner. Therefore, in order to obtain structures safety against the fatigue failure during their service lifes, fatigue characteristics should be considered for design and analysis of the structures. As stress range of prestressed (PS) tendons, which governs fatigus characteristic of prestressed concrete (PSC) structures, increases with increased use of partial prestressig, it is more necessary to consider fatigue characteristics of PS tendons. In this paper, direct-tension fatigue experiments with special specimen-setting devices are carried out to obtain fatigue characteristics of domestic low relaxation PS strands having different diameters and PS strands connected with coupler. Then, allowable stress range of fatigue for PSC beams using low relaxation strands are presented for the fatigue examination of prestressed concrete beams applied cyclic loading.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.77-87
• /
• 2003

The residual stress and birefringence in injection-molded plastic parts can be divided into the flow-induced residual stress and birefringence produced in flowing stage, the thermally-induced residual stress and birefringence produced in cooling stage. However, the physics involved in the generation of the thermally-induced residual stress and birefringence still remains to be understood. Because polymer experiences viscoelastic history near the glass-transition temperature it is hard to model the entire process. Volume relaxation phenomenon was included to predict the final thermally-induced residual stress and birefringence in quenched plastic parts more accurately. The present study focused on comparing the predicted values far thermally-induced residual stress and birefringence with and without volume relaxation behavior (or free volume theory) under free and constrained quenching conditions. As a result, tile residual stress remained as a tensile stress at the center and as a compressible stress near the surface for the free quenching cases. In contract the residual stress remained as a compressible stress at the center and as a tensile stress near the surface fur the constrained quenching cases. The residual birefringence remained as minus values at the center and as plus values near the surface for the free quenching cases. Interestingly the residual birefringence showed minus values in entire zone for the constrained quenching cases. In the prediction of birefringence only the case including free volume theory showed the correct result for the distribution of birefringence in thickness direction.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.33 no.7
• /
• pp.802-808
• /
• 1996

PbTiO3 thin films were fabricated onto MgO(100) single crystal substrate by reactive D. C magnetron sput-tering of Pb and Ti metal in an oxygen and argon gas mixture. The annealing of the thin films resulted in the decrease of both the c-axis orientation ratio and the lattice parameter. It is well known that the c-axis lattice parameter of thin film is dependent on the Pb/(Pb+Ti)ratio and the residual stress in the film The PbTiO3 thin films with a Pb/(Pb+T) ratio ranging from 0.45 to 0.57 were fabricated and annealed. The structure of the film the c-axis orientation ratio and the lattice parameter were not dependent on the Pb/(Pb+Ti) ratio before and after annealing. These experimental results proved that the decrease of the c-axis lattice parameter under the annealing conditions was due to the relaxation of the intrinsic stress in the film. This relaxation of the intrinsic stress caused the decrease of the c-axis orientation ratio and this phenomenon can be explained by c-axis growth lattice model.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.80-85
• /
• 2011

The Ultrasonic Nanocrystal Surface Modification (UNSM) technology improves the fatigue life of a torsion bar by inducing compressive residual stress on the surface layer. The UNSM is applied to replace the presetting method and shot peening technology. The torsion bar must be changed periodically because of a lack of durability and a phenomenon related to the stress relaxation. The torsion fatigue test specimens were made of DIN17221 material, and the results showed that the fatigue life was 5 times more than under durability test conditions. A comparison test between the commercial vehicles' presetting method and shot peened torsion bar and the UNSM torsion bar showed that the UNSM could replace the presetting method and shot peening.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.634-641
• /
• 2003

In order to examine whether arsenic, one of environmental stress, contribute to augumentation and relaxation of rat aorta, this study was performed in vivo and in vitro, using intacted or denuded rats aorta ring preparation, respectively. The carotid arterial pressure was recorded on an ink-writing physiograph(Grass Co. 79E) connected to strain gauge. The contractile response of vascular ring with or without endothelium preparation isolated from rat were determined in organ bath and was recorded on physiograph connected to isometric transducer. Vasopressin-,and phenylephrine- induced increase in arterial pressure significantly enhanced in arsenic-treated rats; increase of 19.1%, and 46.6%, respectively. Vascular contractile response was measured in vitro preparations exposed to 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM of arsenic for 1, 3, 5 and 8 hours. The dose-vascular responses of phenylephrine augmented by increasing dose of arsenic in the strips exposed to arsenic for 8 hours, and did not augmented for 1, 3, 5 hours. The phenomenon was not affected by strips denuded endothelium. And the response of relaxation of rat aorta induced by nitroprusside was not influenced by arsenic stress, but acetylcholine was a little increased. compared to that of control. There were no significant difference in relaxation between control and arsenic treated rings with endothelium or denuded. All of the results, phenyleprine-induced vascular contraction was significantly enhanced in 4 mM arsenic-treated rat aortic rings compared with control, whether endothelium was present or denuded at 8 hours after arsenic treatment. It may be a mechanism by which long-term arsenic stresses play a role in development of hypertension.