• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.303-318
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• 2003

This paper attempts to investigate the tonal implementations of English stress clash, arguing that a preceding stress shifts leftward when two lexical stresses conflict across word boundaries or that H* and L* pitch accents are alternatively manifested on the stressed syllables, establishing intonational peak and valley contours. We claim that the H*/L* alternation might be a tonal strategy to avoid stress clash, and that pitch could be solely manipulated to display a rhythmic effect with maintaining lexical stress. In the experiment, we examined two-word combinations whose boundaries involve stress clash, and divided them into two categories. One has the preceding words involving a heavy syllable ahead of stress to guarantee the place for a shifting stress and the other, a light syllable, in which case stress shift is completely prevented. We analyzed the distribution of pitch accents in the word combinations, focusing on the pitch configurations in the cases where stress should not be shifted. Results show that approximately 50% of the stimuli show stress shift in the heavy syllable combinations of the preceding words; the preceding stress is moved leftward within the word. The other 50% and the light syllable combinations show various pitch accents patterns; H* and L* alternation, deaccentuation of either stressed syllable, or L-insertion between two H* pitch accents, etc. We interpret this as a rhythmic effect of tone to avoid stress clash and suggest that a true stress clash would be confined into cases without H*/L* contours.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.95-109
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• 2004

Metrical Phonology has asserted that stress shift does not occur in English compounds because it violates the Continuous Column Constraint. Noun phrases, on the other hand, freely allow for stress shift, whereby the preceding stress moves forward to the preceding heavy syllable. This paper hypothesizes that stress does not shift in compounds as opposed to noun phrases and compares their pitch accentual patterns in a phonetic experiment. More specifically, we examined two-word combinations, noun phrases and compounds, whose boundaries involve stress clash and assured that the preceding words involve a heavy syllable ahead of the stress to guarantee the place for a shifting stress. Depending on where the preceding pitch accent is aligned, stress shift is determined. Results show that stress shift occurs in approximately 47% of the noun phrases and 59% of the compounds; therefore, the hypothesis is not borne out. This suggests that the surface representations derived by phonological rules may not be implemented in real utterance but that phonetic forms may be determined by the phonetic constraints. directly operating on human speech.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.123-148
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• 1998

Recently many controversies originate for varies reasons, ranging from normal market competition to honest disagreements about rights. Disputes also arise from the clash between institutions and individuals. A free society should provide many systems for resolving controversies. We think of the courts as being primary, but, of course, they are not. In Korea, and in most other parts of the world, disagreements are resolved informally, without the need for judicial intervention. Settlements are worked out privately, usually without lawyers and certainly without judges. Most of judges are finding it difficult to cope with the needs and demands of society. Many businessmen who no longer want to get involved in lawsuits, are looking for alternative methods for resolving their disputes. However, there are actually two systems, litigation and arbitration only, to resolve disputes with binding both parties concerned. Litigation emphasizes on the equity and the justice with allowing three time's judgment for the resonable resolution, and arbitration, which is not subject to appeal, stress on the economic settlement rather than justice. Arbitration process results in a final and binding decisions. Although arbitration is a voluntary procedures that is created by the parties themselves, arbitration differs from mediation and conciliation because of its binding power. Arbitration is today coming into fashion as our primary methods for settling disputes. No company wants to have its funds tied up for long periods. Many parties prefer that the decision be final, rather than facing the prospect of extended appellate litigation. Therefore, government must encourage parties to settle their disputes by arbitration instead of litigation.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.26
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• pp.157-208
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• 2004

This study explored how television news constructed an issue of the building of a nuclear waste facility on Wido, an issue which displayed a social conflict in the latter half of the year 2003. To do this, this study conducted frame analysis on KBS and MBC main news including national and local ones, broadcasted from 11 July, 2003 to 10 December, 2003. It was found that television news tended to stress violent protests against site designation and social disorder rather than the causes of a conflict and its solutions. Therefore, news reporting excluded fundamental reasons of conflict such as the governmental decision-making process of site designation, geological suitability, safety issue and nuclear energy policy, emphasizing the confrontation and clash between pro and con groups of site designation. This indicates that television news defines an issue of the building of a nuclear waste facility as the local conflict between groups, the police and demonstrators, or neighbors who approve and protest the site designation, not as the national issue of nuclear policy.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.47-63
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• 2013

This study deals with a counseling case in which a mother requested counseling due to the problems of her daughter, who suffers from multiple tic disorder. The participants of this study included five family members (grandmother, father, mother and two female children) and a total of 23 sessions were held from September 2006 to December 2007. Additional counseling ($24^{th}$ counseling session) was conducted on April 1st, 2009. The data was based on recorded transcripts and notes from 24 family therapy sessions. The study used a constant comparative analysis, which uses matrix and network display as an analysis method suggested by Miles&Huberman(1994). The characteristics of the family of origin and the indifference of the husband had caused the wife stress. The couple had frequent conflicts due to dysfunctional communication methods, a clash of values, sexual dissatisfaction, and a lack of communication. This marital conflict became the primary factor of the daughter's multiple tic disorder. Intervention of the family therapist resulted in the setting of treatment goals based on MRI's communication theory and Bowen's family systems theory in order to solve the problem of the daughter's multiple tic disorder. Also, the therapist's intervention techniques included exploring experiences with the family of origin, shedding light on the multigenerational transmission process, exploring dysfunctional attempts at solutions, the therapist's self-disclosure, providing similar cases, dealing with resistance, and suggesting a new communication method. To solve the problem, the therapist helped the family separate the daughter spatially from her parents. Therefore, the therapist's intervention helped reduce the daughter's tics and improve relationships among the family.