• Advances in nano research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.249-263
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• 2019

In the current paper, an exact solution method is carried out for analyzing the thermo-mechanical vibration of curved FG nano-beams subjected to uniform thermal environmental conditions, by considering porosity distribution via nonlocal strain gradient beam theory for the first time. Nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory is adopted to consider the size effects in which the stress for not only the nonlocal stress field but also the strain gradients stress field is considered. It is perceived that during manufacturing of functionally graded materials (FGMs) porosities and micro-voids can be occurred inside the material. Material properties of curved porous FG nanobeam are assumed to be temperature-dependent and are supposed to vary through the thickness direction of beam which modeled via modified power-law rule. Since variation of pores along the thickness direction influences the mechanical and physical properties, porosity play a key role in the mechanical response of curved FG nano-structures. The governing equations and related boundary condition of curved porous FG nanobeam under temperature field are derived via the energy method based on Timoshenko beam theory. An analytical Navier solution procedure is utilized to achieve the natural frequencies of porous FG curved nanobeam supposed to thermal loading. The results for simpler states are confirmed with known data in the literature. The effects of various parameters such as nonlocality parameter, porosity volume fractions, thermal effect, gradient index, opening angle and aspect ratio on the natural frequency of curved FG porous nanobeam are successfully discussed. It is concluded that these parameters play key roles on the dynamic behavior of porous FG curved nanobeam. Presented numerical results can serve as benchmarks for future analyses of curve FG nanobeam with porosity phases.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.57-70
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• 2015

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the effect of forced temperature change cycles on physical and mechanical properties of sand and weathered granite soil. The effect of forced temperature change cylecs on the particle arrangement and the thermal conductivity was first investigated. A series of triaxial compression tests on the soils were also performed to look into the effect of temperature change cycles on the stress-strain-strength behavior. The results indicated that the forced temperature change cycle does not significantly affect the particle arrangement and thermal conductivity. It is shown however that the heating duration showed some effect on the deviatoric stress at failure while no significant effect due to the number of heating-cooling cycle was observed.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.214-224
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• 2008

Member force, strain and stress distribution of a section are obtained for optimized standard 25m~45m PSSC composite bridge subjected to dead and live load in order to interpret the effect of prestressing and deformation of tendon. The stress and strain distribution and moment capacity are obtained for both noncomposite and composite section and for allowable stress limit state, yield limit state and strength limit state. Reliability analysis is conducted after assuming limit states for stress and flexural strength. The reliability index for standard PSSC composite bridge which is designed to satisfy the allowable stress for flexural strength are higher than 3.5 which is required reliability indexes on American code for LRFD. Reliability of PSSC girder which is designed based on allowable stress of bridge design code is high for flexural strength.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.428-446
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• 1997

Restorative procedures can lead to weakening tooth due to reduction and alteration of tooth structure. It is essential to prevent fractures to conserve tooth. The resistance to fracture of the restored tooth may be influenced by many factors, among these are the cavity dimension and the physical properties of the restorative material. The placement of direct composite resin restorations has generally been found to have a strengthening effect on the prepared teeth. It is the purpose of this investigation to study the relationship between the cavity isthmus and the fracture resistance of a tooth in composite resin restorations. In this study, MO cavity was prepared on maxillary first premolar. Three dimensional finite element models were made by serial photographic method and isthmus(1/4, 1/3, 1/2 of intercuspal distance) were varied. Two types of model(B and R model) were developed. B model was assumed perfect bonding between the restoration and cavity wall and R model was left unfilled. A load of 500N was applied vertically at the first node from the lingual slope of the buccal cusp tip. This study analysed the displacement, 1 and 2 direction normal stress and strain with FEM software ABAQUS Version 5.2 and hardware IRIS 4D/310 VGX Work-station. The results were as follows : 1. Displacement of buccal cusp in R model occurred and increased as widening of the cavity, and displacement in B model was little and not influenced by cavity width. 2. There was a significant decrease of stress resulting in increase of fracture resistance in B model when compared with R model. 3. With the increase of the isthmus width, B model showed no change in the stress and strain. In R model, the stress and strain increased both in the area of buccal-pulpal line angle and the buccal side of marginal ridge, therefore the possibility of crack increased. 4. The stress and strain were distributed evenly on the tooth in B model, but in R model, were concentrated on the buccal side of the distal marginal ridge and buccal-pulpal line angle, therefore the possibility of fracture increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.80-88
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• 1997

An experimental investigation of the fatigue through crack growth behavior under simple stepped variable loading condition has been performed using Al7075-T651. Experiments were carried out by using cantilever bending type specimens, with chevron notches on a small electro-magnetic test machine. Tensile overloads have a retarding effect on the fatigue crack growth rates, therefore tensile overloads were used for the beneficial effect on the fatigue life. While in most cases compressive overloads have only a vanishing effect on crack growth rates, some experiments with single edge crack tension specimens reveal a marked growth retardation. The stress ratios used in this investigations varies from R=0.32 to 0.81, from R=0.04 to 0.76, from R=-0.15 to 0.73, and from R=-0.33 to 0.68 and the peak load for each case was not varied. The crack growth and crack closure were measured by Kikukawa's compliance method with a strain gauge mounted on the backside of each specimens. The results obtained are as follows. When the stepped variable load was applied, the smaller the stress ration was, the larger the delayed retardation of the crack growth rate was. The fatigue crack growh rate data obtained for through cracks were plotted well against the effective stress intensity factor range from 4.0 to 20.0MP{a^{SQRT}m}. It was found that the effective stress intensity factor range ratio was related well to the opening stress intensity factor, the maximum stress intensity factor, and crack length.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.537-543
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• 1991

In this study, the strain rate effects are considered in the formulation by introducing the constitutive equation of the strain rate sensitive materials and rigid-viscoplastic finite element program is developed for axisymmtric extrusion. The effect of strain rate sensitivity on the flow characteristics and forming pressure are investigated and the experiments are carried out for extrusion with pure lead specimens. The theoretically predicted forming pressure showed reasonably good agreement with the experimental values.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.506-511
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• 2007

Mechanical behavior of copper nanowire is investigated. An FCC nanowire model composed of 1,408 atoms is used for MD simulation. Simulations are performed within NVT ensemble setting without periodic boundary conditions. $Nos\acute{e}-Poincar\acute{e}$ MD algorithm is employed to guarantee preservation of Hamiltonian and temperature. Numerical tensile tests of Nanowire are carried out with constant strain rate. Additionally, temperature and strain rate effects are considered. Stress-strain curve is constructed from the calculated Cauchy stresses and specified strain values. In (22,4,4) Copper nanowire, non-linear behavior appears around ${\epsilon}\simeq0.09.$ At this instance, starting of structural reorientations are observed. At the onset of reorientation, the modulus characteristics are also investigated.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.241-248
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• 2001

The ductility of circular hollow reinforced concrete columns with one layer of longitudinal and spiral reinforcement placed near the outside face of the section and the steel tube placed on the inside face of the section is investigated. Such hollow sections are confined through the wall thickness since the steel tube is placed. The results of analytical moment-curvature analyses for such hollow sections are compared with those for the circular section with the sane diameter. In this study, moment-curvature analyses are conducted with Mandel's confined concrete stress-strain relationship in which the effect of confinement is to increase the compression strength and ultimate strain of concrete. The moment-curvature analyses confirmed that the ductility is primarily influenced on the ultimate strain. The variables influenced on the ultimate strain is the ratio and yield strength of confining reinforcement and the compression strength for confined concrete. From this ultimate strain - the transverse reinforcement ratio relationship, the transverse reinforcement ratio for circular hollow reinforced columns with confinement is proposed. The proposed transverse reinforcement ratio is confirmed by experimental results.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.132-137
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• 2004

In this work, effects of hyper-elastic rubber material properties on the indentation load-deflection curve and subindenter deformation are first examined via [mite element (FE) analyses. An optimal data acquisition spot is selected, which features maximum strain energy density and negligible frictional effect. We then contrive two normalized functions. which map an indentation load vs. deflection curve into a strain energy density vs. first invariant curve. From the strain energy density vs. first invariant curve, we can extract the rubber material properties. This new spherical indentation approach produces the rubber material properties in a manner more effective than the common uniaxial tensile/compression tests. The indentation approach successfully measures the rubber material properties and the corresponding nominal stress.strain curve with an average error less than 3%.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.77-86
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• 2013

Embankments on soft ground experience significant deformation during time-dependent consolidation settlement, as well as an initial undrained settlement. Since infinitesimal strain theory assumes no configuration change and minute strain during deformation, finite strain analysis is required for better prediction of geotechnical problems involving large strain and geometric change induced by imposed loadings. Updated Lagrangian formulation is developed for time-dependent consolidation combining both force equilibrium and mass conservation of fluid, and mechanical constitutive equation is written in Janumann stress rate. Numerical convergence during Newton's iteration in large deformation analysis is improved by Nagtegaal's approach of considering the effect of rotation in mechanical constitutive relationship. Numerical simulations are conducted to discuss numerical reliability and applicability of developed numerical code: deformation of cantilever beam, two-dimensional consolidation. The numerical results show that developed formulation can efficiently describe large deformation problems. Proposed formulation is expected to facilitate the upgrading of a numerical code based on infinitesimal strain theory to that based on finite strain analysis.