• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.850-857
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• 2022

Seventy-five Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from the surface seawater of the Geum River Estuary area, on the west coast of Korea, were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes and susceptibility to 17 different antimicrobials. All 75 isolates were examined for the presence of two virulence genes (tdh or trh) using polymerase chain reaction; Only one of the isolates possessed the tdh or trh gene. According to the results of disk diffusion susceptibility tests, all of the strains were resistant to penicillin G, 92.0% were resistant to ampicillin, 82.7% were resistant to amoxicillin, 2.7% were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 2.7% were resistant to trimethoprim, 1.3% were resistant to cephalothin, and 1.3% were resistant to erythromycin. However, all of the strains were susceptible to amikacin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, rifampin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. The average minimum inhibitory concentrations for ampicillin for V. parahaemolyticus was 557.6 ㎍/mL. These results not only provide novel insight into the necessity for seawater sanitation in Geum river estuary area, but they help reduce the risk of contamination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.21-34
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• 1982

각종질환(各種疾患)으로 입원(入院)하여 항균제투여(抗菌劑投與)를 받은 환자(患者)와 최근(最近) 1개월간(個月間) 항균제(抗菌劑)를 투여(投與)받지 않은 학생(學生) 각(各) 60명(名)의 대변(大便)을 배양(培養)하여 각각(各各) 121주(株), 합계(合計) 242주(株)의 대장균(大腸菌)을 얻어 12종(種)의 항균제(抗菌제劑)에 대한 내성양상(耐性樣相)을 조사(調査)하였다. 내성빈도(耐性頻度)를 보면 tetracycline에 대(對)한 내성균(耐性菌)이 68.2%로 가장 많았고 streptomycin(Sm) 61.2%, sulfisomidine(Su) 50%, chtoramphenicol(Cm) 40.9%, ampicillin(Ap) 40.1%, carbenicillin(Cb), 39.3%의 순(順)으로 내성균(耐性菌)의 비율(比率)이 낮아졌고 kanafnycin(Km) cephaleridine(Cr) 및 trimethoprim(Tp)에 내성(耐性)인 균(菌)은 약(約) 1/4이었고 nalidixicacid, gentamicin 및 amikacin에는 4주(株)씩 만이 내성(耐性)이고 rifampicin에 내성(耐性)인 균(菌)은 없었다. 환자유래균(患者由來菌)과 학생유래균(學生由來菌)을 비교(比較)하여 보면 Cm, Ap, Km, Cr 또는 Cb 내성(耐性)은 환자유래균(患者由來菌)에서 학생유래균(學生由來菌)보다 월등(越等)히 많았으며 Sm, Su 또는 Tp 내성균(耐性菌)도 다소(多少) 많았으나 기타(其他) 항균제(抗菌劑)에 대(對)한 내성균(耐性菌)에서는 차이(差異)를 볼 수 없었다. 내성균(耐性菌)과 감수성균(感受性菌)에 대(對)한 각(各) 항균제(抗菌劑)의 최소(最少) 발육저지농도(發育阻止濃度)에는 큰 차이(差異)가 있어서 이들 내성(耐性)이 주(主)로 R plasmid에 유래(由來)함을 시사(示唆)하였다. 공시균(供試菌)의 76%가 $1{\sim}10$제(劑) 이상(以上)의 약제(藥劑)에 내성(耐性)이었는데 4제(劑) 이상(以上)의 항균제(抗菌劑)에 내성(耐性)인 균(菌)은 환자유래균(患者由來菌)에서 학생유래균(學生由來菌)에서 보다 많았으며 다약제내성(多藥劑耐性)일수록 환자유래균(患者由來菌)에서 많았다. 2제(劑) 이상(以上)의 항균제(抗菌劑)에 내성(耐性)인 균(菌)에 접합(接合)에 의한 내성전달(耐性傳達)을 145주중(株中) 98주(株)(67.5%)가 내성(耐性)을 전달(傳達)하였으며 7제(劑) 이상(以上)에 내성(耐性)인 균(菌)은 1주(株)를 제외(除外)한 전부(全部)(73주(株))가 그 내성(耐性)을 피전달균(被博達菌)에 전달(傳達)시켰고 다약제내성(多藥劑耐性)의 약제수(藥劑數)가 적을수록 전달성내성(傳達性耐性)을 가진 균(菌)이 적었다. 전달(傳達)되는 내성양상(耐性樣相)은 내성균주(耐性菌株)에 따라 다르며 피전달균(被博達菌)에 따라서도 달랐다. 임의(任意)로 선택(選擇)한 P13균주(菌株)의 R plasmid의 비적합성군(非適合性群)을 보았던바, 이 plasmid는 F II군(群)에 속(屬)함이 판명(判明)되었다. Gel electrophoresis에 의하여 대장균(大腸菌) R plasmid DNA의 형광대(螢光帶)를 증명(證明)할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.793-798
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• 2008

정액 내 세균오염 종류와 검출 빈도를 조사한 결과는 Table 1에서 보는 바와 같다. 돼지 정액 내 오염세균 중 검출빈도는 Staphylo- coccus genus, Proteus genus, Bacillus genus, Pasteulla genus, Acinetobacte genus 및 Serratia genus 등의 순으로 나타났다. 동정된 세균 중 33종의 세균에 대하여 디스크법을 이용하여 8종의 항생제에 대한 감수성을 조사 한 결과는 Table 2와 3에서 보는 바와 같다. 검출된 세균의 항생제 감수성을 조사한 결과 항생제 감수성이 높은 항생제는 Amikacin, Polymyxin B, Neomycin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Tetracycline, Erythromycin 및 Penicillin순 이었다. Enterococcus faecium와 Streptococcus uberis는 Streptomycin을 제외한 모든 항생제에 대하여 저항성이 있는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.205-209
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• 1983

Some investigations on chronic mastitis in dairy cattle in Kyungnam Province during the year 1982 were conducted with the special reference to the causative agents and their drug resistance. Milk samples from 46 isolated cases of chronic mastitis cattle were investigated bacteriologically and the organisms recovered were examined for their drug susceptibility against the major antibiotics used in this country by the use of disk diffusion susceptibility test. Four major causative agents involved in chronic mastitis were in order of prevalence Staphylococcus aureus (32.6%), Escherichia coli (28.3%), Streptococcus agalactiae (8.7%) and Candida albicans (8.7%). Staph. epidermidis, Streptococcus uberis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida subtropicalis were found to be one of the minor agents. The majority of staphylococcal isolates were highly resistant to the most of antibiotics employed while 8% of them were resistant to gentamicin and 32% to chloramphenicol. The percentages of staphylococcal cultures resistant to penicillin, lincomycin. streptomycin, methicillin, oleandomycin, tetracycline, cephalothin, ampicillin and erythromycin were 100%, 96%, 96%, 92%, 84%, 84%, 80%, 76%, and 64% respectively. Streptococcal isolates were also highly resistant to the majority of the drugs used although 85.7% of them were susceptible to gentamicin. All Escherichia coli isolates were found to be resistant to erythromycin, lincomycin and penicillin while the majority of them were resistant to ampicillin (92.9%), carbenicillin (85.7%), oleandomycin (85.7%), streptomycin(85.7%), kanamycin (78.6%), methicillin (78.6%) and tetracycline (71.4%). The percentages of E. coli cultures resistant to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, cephalothin and chloramphenicol were 21.4%, 21.4%, 35.7% and 50.0% respectively.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.289-295
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• 1982

Streptomyces bobili (YS-40) 의 Hg, Ag, penicillin-G, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, kanamycin에 대한 생육최소저해농도는 각각 15, 10, >3,000, >100, >1,000. >100. <5, <5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$였으며 본 균주의 R-plasmid를 제거시키기 위하여 ethidium bromide, acriflavine, sodium dodecyl sulfate 등의 curing agent를 처리시킨 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. Ethidium bromide를 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$의 농도로 처리했을 때 98.0% 정도의 R-plasmid를 제거시킬 수 있었다. pH 7.0에서 curing시킴으로서 R-plasmid가 가장 잘 제거되었으며 분균을 24시간동안 배양해서 curing시킴으로서 R-plasmid의 제거율이 가장 높게 나타났다. Ethidium bromide에 의해서 R-plasmid가 제거된 균과 원균을 여러가지 색소생성배지에서 배양시켜 배양상의 특성을 조사해 본 결과 peptone-beef extract agar 배지에서 aerial mass color가 greyish pink에서 grey로 변했으며 tryptone-yeast extract broth에서 배지에서 soluble pigment가 pale brown에서 무색으로 변했다. 이 결과로는 aerial mycelium, melanin 생성과 R-plasmid 는 무관하다고 추측된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the serotype, and antimicrobial susceptibility and analyze the plasmid profile for the 145 isolates of L. monocytogenes isolated from livestock products and these product processing plants in Gyeongnam, Korea. All of L. monocytogenes strains belonged to serotype 1/2b (57.9%), 1/2a (20.0%), 4b (11.4%), 1/2c, 3b, 4c (each 2.9%) and 4d (0.7%). Serotype 1/2b, 1/2a, 4b from each source were found predominantly. Serotype 1/2b was predominantly higher than other serotype, and there was no significant difference between serotypes isolated from livestock products and product processing plants. 4b was major serotype isolated from raw milk and pork, and serotypes isolated from beef, chickens and slaughterhouse were 1/2b and 1/2a. The susceptibility of 145 strains of L. monocytogenes to 14 antibiotics commonly used in veterinary and human therapy was determined by disk diffusion method. All of L. monocytogenes strains were susceptible to amikacin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin and penicillin. L. monocytogenes strains had the highest resistance with colistin (100%), oxytetracycline (44.8%), tetracycline (43.4%) followed by erythromycin (2.8%), spectinomycin (1.4%) and streptomycin (0.7%). Tetracycline resistance, and serotype distribution of the isolates from sample sources were significantly different. Resistance to at least one antibiotic was observed in all of them and 7 different resistant profiles were recorded. The most common resistance pattern were CL-OTC-TC (colistin-oxytetracycline-tetracycline) (42.8%). Among all tested isolates, two different plasmid profiles were observed. Of the 97 examined strains, 14 (14.4%) contained either the 8 and 11 kb plasmid or the 11 kb.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.322-328
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• 2009

Three-hundred and sixteen Escherichia coli strains from seawater, and a variety of farmed fishes, including oliver flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), black rock fish (Sebastes schlegeli), red sea bream (Pagrus major) and sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) between May to October in 2004, were tested by agar dilution method to determine their susceptibility patterns to 17 antimicrobial agents. Overall, 92.1% of Escherichia coli isolates from samples showed antimicrobial resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent and the multiple resistance was seen in 173 isolates (54.7%). The resistance of E. coli isolates to tetracycline (74.1%) was highest, followed by cephalothin (69.9%), doxycycline (66.5%), streptomycin (47.2%), ampicillin (46.2%), cefazolin (31.6%), enrofloxacin (31.0%). norfloxacin (28.2%). The most frequent resistance pattern was TE-D-CF-CIP-ENO-NOR-AM-S-C-SXT-AmC-CZ (14.7%), followed by CF (6.2%), TE (5.1%), TE-CF (4.5%) in 177 isolates from fishes and TE-D-CF (7.2%) followed by TE-D-CF-S (5.8%), CF and TE-D-S (3.6%) in 139 isolates from seawater.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.564-572
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• 2016

In this study, we isolated and characterized Escherichia coli from mussels and inland pollution sources in or in proximity to the Changseon area on the southern coast of Korea in 2014. A total of 147 strains of E. coli were isolated from 54 mussels and 32 pollution-source samples. The susceptibility of the isolates to 24 antimicrobial agents was analyzed. The resistance of E. coli isolates to rifampin was highest at 100%, followed by cephalothin (98.6%), tetracycline (91.8%), amikacin (81.0%), ampicillin (79.6%), cefazolin (79.6%), streptomycin (73.5%), piperacillin (70.7%), gentamicin (37.4%), cefoxitin (35.4%), cefamandole (34.7%), tobramycin (29.9%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (24.5%), nalidixic acid (21.8%), trimethoprim (19.0%), chloramphenicol (17.7%), cefotaxime (12.9%), trimethoprim (10.9%), ceftazidime (10.2%), aztreonam (7.5%), imipenem (2.7%), cefepime (2.0%), and cefotetan (0.0%). In addition, the antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolates from inland pollution sources was slightly greater than or similar to that of isolates from mussels.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.587-595
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• 2019

Eighty-three Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from surface seawater in Gomso Bay on the west coast of Korea, and commercial fisheries from Gunsan fisheries center were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes and susceptibility to 30 different antimicrobials. All 83 isolates were examined for the presence of two virulence genes (tdh or trh) using polymerase chain reaction; however, neither gene was found in any of the isolates. A disk diffusion susceptibility test, showed that all of the strains studied were resistant to clindamycin, oxacillin, ticarcillin, and vancomycin, and also revealed varying levels of resistance to ampicillin (98.8%), penicillin G (95.2%), streptomycin (20.5%), cefoxitin (14.5%), amikacin (6.0%), cephalothin (4.8%), and erythromycin (3.6%). However, all of the strains were susceptible to 19 other antimicrobial agents, including cefepime, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and trimethoprim. All 83 isolates (100%) were resistant to five or more classes of antimicrobials, and two strains exhibited resistance to ten antimicrobial agents. The average minimum inhibitory concentrations against V. parahaemolyticus of clindamycin, oxacillin, ticarcillin, and vancomycin were 55.9, 98.3, 499.3, and 44.3 ㎍/mL, respectively. These results provide new insight into the necessity for seawater sanitation in Gomso Bay and commercial fisheries, and provide evidence to help reduce the risk of contamination by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 1989

This paper dealt with the distribution of Shigella spp. on 5 piggeries in Taegu and Kyungpook during the period from August to October 1987. Isolated Shigella were examined for serogrouping, antimicrobial drug resistance and detection of R plasmid. Genetic properties of R plasmid in Shigella have examined to fertility inhibition (Fi) and gel electrophoresis was performed for the isolation of plasmid DNA. The results obtained were summarised as followings; 1. Of total 2,978 samples from 5 piggeries, 82 strains (2.8%) of Shigella spp. were isolated from 82 samples. The isolated strains were identified as S dysenteriae (60 strains), S flexneri (20 strains) and S sonnei (2 strains). 2. Of the 82 strains examined 67 (95.1%) were resistant to one or more antibiotics, such as ampicillin (Am), chloramphenicol (Cm), kanamycin (Km), nalidixic acid (Na), rifampicin (Rf), streptomycin (Sm), sulfademethoxine (Su), and tetracycline (Tc) and higher resistant to Su (90.2%), Sm (63.4%) and Tc (63.4%). 3. Of the 78 resistant Shigella strains 26 (33.3%) harbored conjugative R plasmids and the transfer frequency of Sm (50.0%), Cm(33.3%) resistance was much higher than that of the other drug resistance. 4. The most common resistant patterns were SmSuTc, Su and AmSmSuTc. 5. Out of the 26 Shigella R plasm ids examined for Fi, 14(53.8%) were $Fi^+$ and the remainder were $Fi^-$. 6. The plasmid DNA profiles in Shigella spp. (9 strains) isolated from pigs were confirmed as being 2 to 9 fragments by the gel electrophoresis. Their molecular size ranged 2.17 to 87.62 kilobase (Kb). All strains of Shigella spp. consisted in 15.4 Kb plasmids.