• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of straw loading method and thawing protocol on the in vitro development of in vitro produced mouse blastocysts cryopreserved by vitrification. Three loading types of straw I, Il and III on loading and sealing method were made for vitrification. The ability of the solution on straw loading methods to remain vitreous during warming was tested by exposed in air for 1 to 10 s sec. and then plunged the vitrified straws into water bath at 25°C. Embryos to be vitrified were equilibrated to the 20% EG for 5min. and exposed in EFS 40 for 1min. The plug ends of Straw I and Straw II were sealed with straw powder and Straw III was treated straw powder, followed by heat sealing and then plunged into LN$_2$. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows; 1) Straw I embryo column mostly changed from transparent to opaque upon thawing without exposure in air for 3-6 sec. Straw II embryo column was I improved partially but was not remained completely vitreous during warming. However, when Straw lll loading method was used, the embryo column was remained vitreous completely. 2) High survival rates and development rates of each groups (middle blastocysts and hatching blastocysts) of vitrified embryos were obtained by using Straw III loading method than Straw I method (P<0.05). And the range of s standard error was low in Straw lll method. 3) When the embryos vitrified-frozen were placed in air for 3, 5 and l0sec. and then warmed rapidly in water bath at 25$^{\circ}C$, the survival rates after 24h of culture were 72.7-87.1% and the development rates to hatching stage after 48h of culture were 34.0-48.4%. There were no significantly differences according to exposure time in air during warming. In conclusion, the present results showed that highly survival and low standard error of vitrified-frozen mouse bIastocysts were obtained by using straw lll loading, double sealing and appropriate 2 step warming method.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.253-253
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• 2010

Rice straw was pretreated with aqueous ammonia in order to enhance enzyme digestibility. Soaking in ammonia aqueous (SAA) was conducted with 15% ammonia, at $60^{\circ}C$. for 24 h. Optimization of both saccharification conditions and enzyme loading of SAA rice straw was carried out. Especially enzyme loading test was performed using statistical method. Moreover proton beam irradiation (PBI) was also performed to overcome the problem which inhibit the enzyme digestibility at 1-25 kGy doses with 45 MeV of beam energy. Optimal condition for enzymatic saccharification was follows; pH 4.8, $50^{\circ}C$, 60 FPU of enzyme activity, 1:4 ratio of celluase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase. Also, optimal doses of PBI on rice straw and SAA-treated rice straw for efficient sugar recovery were found to be 3 kGy, respectively. When saccharification was performed with optimal condition, glucose conversion yield was 89% of theocratical maximum in 48 h, and 3 kGy of PBI was applied to SAA-treated rice straw, approximately 90% of the theoretical glucose yield was obtained in 12 h. The results of X-ray diffractometry (XRD) support the effect of both SAA and PBI on sugar recovery, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images unveiled the physical change of the rice straw surface since rugged rice straw surface was observed.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2004

This study evaluated the efficiency and compared with different materials of loading vessels for vitrification-plastic/glass, copper grid and nylon. The loading method, vitrification, cryop-reservation and warming method of the oocytes were examined. The loading samples prepared in manual or company-made and sterilized, loaded the COCs selected on each samples and cultured for maturation during 40 hours, and then exposed sequentially to ethylene glycol solution. Thawing method was reversely treated and exposed for warmed oocytes. After oocytes were thawed, fertilized and cultured in vitro for 3-4 hours, rates of development and morphological appearance were examined. The results were as summarized: ㆍOPS from company-made or hand-made of the hematocrit micropipettes, NLS from fishing line and EMG from company-made for EM were used for loading oocytes, respectively. ㆍThe efficiency of freezing method and loading convenience were orderly higher in OPS, NLS and EMG. The optimal capacity per vessel was orderly lowered in NLS, EMG and OPS, respectively. ㆍAfter oocytes were warmed, the recovery rate, morphology and rate of development were orderly higher in OPS, NLS and EMG, respectively. ㆍIn conclusion, OPS has the advantages of achieving a little more survival and preserving results than other two loading methods.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.75-82
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• 2016

Objective of this experiment was to predict the potential methane production with crop residues at different loading rates. Anaerobic digestion of barley and rapeseed straw substrates for biogas production was performed in Duran bottles at various biomass loading rates with crop residues. Through kinetic model of surface methodology, the methane production was fitted to a Gompertz equation. For the biogas production at mesophilic digestion with crop residues, it was observed that maximum yield was 37.2 and 28.0 mL/g at 6.8 and 7.5 days after digestion with 1% biomass loading rates of barley and rapeseed straws, respectively. For the methane content of mesophilic digestion, there were highest at 61.7% after 5.5 days and 75.0% after 3.4 days of digestion with barley and rapeseed straw on both 5% biomass loading rates, respectively. The maximum methane production potentials were 159.59 mL/g for 1% barley straw and 156.62 mL/g for 3% rapeseed straw at mesophilic digestion. Overall, it would be strongly recommended that biomass loading rate was an optimum rate at mesophilic digestion for using 1% barley and 3% rapeseed straws for feed stocks.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.2403-2412
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• 2018

The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of variable sodium carbonate ($Na_2CO_3$) loading during wet air oxidation (WAO) pretreatment of rice straw in reducing biomass recalcitrance. The research study was intended to increase the cellulose recovery, hemicellulose solubilization, lignin removal in the solid fraction and limiting the generation of inhibitors in the liquid fraction while reducing the chemical input. The operating condition of $169^{\circ}C$, 4 bar, 18 min and 6.5 g/L $Na_2CO_3$ loading resulted in maximum cellulose recovery of 82.07% and hemicellulose solubilization and lignin removal of 85.43% and 65.42%, respectively, with a total phenolic content of 0.36 g/L in the liquid fraction. The crystallinity index increased from 47.69 to 51.25 along with enzymatic digestibility with an increase in $Na_2CO_3$ loading from 0 to 6.5 g/L as a result of removal of barriers for saccharification via effective cleavage of ether and ester bonds cross-linking the carbohydrates and lignin as indicated by FT-IR spectroscopy. A further increase in the $Na_2CO_3$ loading to 9.5 g/L did not significantly increase the sugar release. Thus, it was concluded that 6.5 g/L $Na_2CO_3$ during WAO is sufficient to increase the delignification and deacetylation, leading to significant changes in apparent cellulose crystallinity inter alia improvement in cellulose accessibility and digestibility of rice straw.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of equilibration time, precooling and straw loading method on the post-thaw survival rates of mouse embryos cryopreserved by vitrification method. The effect of the vitrification procedure on the damage of the embryos was also examined by the straining of nuclei using Hoechst 33342. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The equilibration in Medium-1 for 10 minutes was considered to be the optimum equilibration time. Embryos equilibrated in Medium-1 for 10 minutes(81.0%) showed significantly(P<0.05) higher survival rates than those equilibrated for 5 minutes(40.0%) or 15 minutes(74.1%). 2. The survival rate of embryos cryopreserved using the double Medium-2 column(81.0%) was significantly(P<0.01) higher than that using the single Medium-2 column, whish was considered to be due to the double Medium-2 column method being more reliable for preventing contamination of diluent solution of 1M sucrose. 3. The survival rate of compacted morula stage embryos cryopreserved with the precooled and non-precooled Medium-2 was not significantly(P<0.05) different. 4. The number of blastomeres of embryos at late blastocyst stage after culture of mouse morulae for 24 to 28hours was significantly(P<0.05) decreased by freezing embryos using vitrification(53.3${\pm}$1.6 vs 41.4${\pm}$1.5), which was considered to be due to the damage of embryos during vitrification and the delay of embryo development by handling in vitro. 5. The vitrification procedure is considered to be a very simple and efficient method for cryopreservation of embryos at early developmental stage.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.470-474
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• 2011

Rice straw is the main grain straw and is produced in large quantities every year in Korea. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass using soaking process was carried out mild conditions at atmospheric pressure and temperature of $60^{\circ}C$. We found enzymatic hydrolysis condition of pretreated biomass. In case of a rice straw, compared with previous lignocellulosic biomass, we found that hydrolysis time was a shorter than others. Hydrolysis of SAA-treated rice straw has shown conversion rate was higher at $50^{\circ}C$. Hydrolysis was ended between 40~48 hour. Glucose conversion rate was higher when enzyme loading is 65 FPU/ml and 32 CbU/ml. When substrate concentration was 5%(w/v), it was that conversion rate was 83.8% after hydrolysis for 72 hr. In simultaneous saccharification and fermentation(SSF) experiment about SAA-treated rice straw, ethanol productive yield was highest from $40^{\circ}C$. The yield of that time was 33.05% from 48 hour.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.83-83
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• 2003

돼지 난자의 유리화 동결 처리 방법 중 난자를 담는 용기(loading vessel)의 재료로 최근에 알려진 것으로 open-pulled straws(OPS)[Vajta등, Mol Reprod Dev, 51:53-58, (1998)], electron microscope grids(EMG) [Martino등,Biol Reprod, 54:1059-1069, (1996)〕, nylon loop system(NLS) [Lane등, Fertil Steril,72: 1073-1078, (1999)] 등이 보고되고 있다. OPS는 1/4cc straws를 열을 가하여 길게 뽑아 내벽을 얇게 함으로써 filing된 난자나 수정란이 액체 질소와 접촉했을 때 유리화가 신속하게 되도록 하는 방법으로 돼지에서는 별로 보고된 것이 없다. EMG는 열전도가 예민한 전자현미경용 copper grid를 이용한 방법으로 최근 국내 기술진의 연구성적을 포함한 몇몇 학자들에 의하여 보고되었고 NLS는 0.5mm직경의 nylon loop를 이용하여 급속 동결한 성적이 보고되었으나, 돼지 난자에 응용 된 것은 없다. 따라서 이와 같은 동결 재료는 사람과 반추류, mouse외에 돼지 난자에 대하여는 전혀 시도되지 않았지만 유리화 동결기술에서 가장 중요한 실험으로 생각된다. 성공적인 유리화 동결을 위해서는 수정란이 냉각의 전도성이 빠르고, 작은 용액을 수정란과 같이 filling해야 하며 모든 동작이 신속 간편해야 하며 융해 방법도 초급속도의 융해가 요구되므로 이에 부합되어야 한다. 연구 목적은 돼지 난자를 유리화 동결/융해 시 동결 재료-straw/glass, copper grid, nylon 3가지에 대한 제작 방법, 난자 loading, 동결 처리, 보관 방법, 융해 방법 등을 난자의 회수, 수정 후 생존율을 비교 조사하여 가장 우수한 방법을 선택할 목적이었다. 수행 내용은 3가지의 재료의 sample을 제작하고 소독한 다음 준비된 돼지 COCs을 40시간동안 IVM한 후 난자를 5~l5개 정도로 선정 하여 준비된 VS 용액에 평형처리 하였다. 각 재료의 용기에 loading 한 후 동결/보관하였고, 융해는 역순으로 평형하여 maturation 배지에 3~4시간 배양한 다음 경검하고 IVF한 후 NCSU-23 배지에 담아 IVC 배양하면서 cell cleavage상태를 확인하였다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.325-335
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• 1985

Biogas production from agricultural wastes were summarized as follows: 1. Biogas Generation Characteristics of Various Manures and Residues a. Gas yield from crop residues like rice straw, rice hull, corn stalk and coconut husk can be improved by addition of animal manures. b. Gas yield from coconut husk can be improved through aerobic fermentation for at least one week before loading in the digester. c. Gas yield from fresh rice straw is better than from pre-fermented one, whether alone or in combination with animal manures. d. Initial study has shown that fresh azolla can be substituted for animal manures in manurerice straw combinations and gas yield derived based on unit volatile solids loaded is actually better than for manure-residue combinations. e. Gas production is highly sensitive to substrate pH and becomes almost nil at a pH of below 6. 2. Effect of ambient conditions and other factors on biogas production in a house hold-size digester. a. Results showed that compaction of rice straw in straw-manure combination can reduce gas yield compared with loosely mixed straw. b. The effective gas production period extended to 70 days using freshly threshed rice straw and fresh cattle manure as feed material. c. Underground and above ground digesters with shade have relatively more stable substrate temperature than aboveground exposed digesters. This relative temperature instability may likely be the reason for lower gas yield for the exposed aboveground digester loaded with loose straw-cattle manure substrate, compared with the underground digester with the same substrate. 3. Economic Analysis a. Based on prevailing costs of fuel, materials, and labor in the Philippines, biogas produced from the household size system is cheaper than either LPG or kerosene. b. If other benefits like organic fertilizer, pollution control and convenience are considered, biogas will surely be the best alternative fuel source.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.100-105
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• 1988

A biofertilizer, having been deordorized and showing promotive effect on plant growth, was manufactured from the rice straw and hen feces by use of Thermoactinomycetes vulgaris. This strain grew vigorously on rice straw mixed with unsterilized hen feces at $50^{\circ}C,\;pH\;8.0{\sim}8.5$ and moisture content of 60% and got rid hen feces of malodour during treatment. The growth of plant(Brassica raga var. previdis) was experimented on humic volcanic ash soil, using pot in thermostatically controlled greenhouse. The biofertilizer was applied as N-fertilizer and air-dried lien feces or ammonium sulfate were used for comparison with the biofertilizer. The effect on. plant growth was evaluated on the basis of the amount of nitrogen as fertilizer, under a loading of 0.1g N/pot, all samples showed a promotion effect of plant growth. But ammonium sulfate and air-dried hen feces inhibited plant growth at the nitrogen content over 0.2 and 0.4g N/pot, respectively, whereas the biofertilizer showed a good promotion effect on plant growth without growth inhibition even at nitrogen content of 0.8g N/pot.