• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.375-380
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to develop herbicide-resistance domestic maize plants by introducing the CP4 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4 EPSPS) gene using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated immature embryo transformation. Immature embryos of five genotypes (HW1, KL103, HW3, HW4, HW7) were co-cultivated with strains Agrobacterium tumefaciens (strain C58C1) containing the binary vector (pCAMBIA2300) carrying Ubiquitin promoter-CP4 EPSPS gene and Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV35S) promoter-nptll gene conferring resistance to paromomycin as a selective agent. The presence and expression of CP4 EPSPS transgene were confirmed by PCR, RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis, respectively. Also, the resistance to glyphosate in the transgenic maize ($T_1$) was analyzed by shikimate accumulation assay. The frequency (%) of paromomycin-resistance callus was 0.37, 0.03, 2.20, 2.37, and 0.81% in pure lines HW1, KL103, HW3, HW4 and HW7, respectively. EPSP transgene sequences were amplified in putative transgenic plants that regenerated from paromomycin-resistance calli of two inbred lines (HW3, HW4). Of them, RT-PCR and Northern blot analyses revealed that the transgene was only expressed in two transgenic events (M266, M104) of HW4 inbred line, and a mild glyphosate resistance of transgenic event (M266) was confirmed by the lower shikimate accumulation in leaf segments. These results demonstrate that transgenic maize with herbicide-resistance traits in Korean genotype can be genetically obtained.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.59-75
• /
• 2011

Objectives : The Aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of male and female patients who have been suffered from headaches. The investigation was undertaken based on Qi-section(Methods of prescribing oriental herbal medicine) from DongEuiBoGam(東醫寶鑑). Methods: A statistical survey was conducted to compare the difference in clinical characteristics between male and female patients experiencing headaches. Oriental medical Diagnosis was used to classify all parients under the following categories Qi-deficiency (氣虛), Jing-dificiency (精虛), Food-stagnation (食積), Damp-accumulation (痰飮), Qi-stagnation (氣滯). Patients were treated using acupuncture therapy and herbal medicines. Results : 1. The ratio between male and female patients was about 1:3. 2. It showed that periods of illness were longer in female patients than in male patients. 3. The total number of treatments received was higher in female patients than in male patients. 4. Statistically, most female patients had Metopodynia and Migraines(Rt.), while male patients suffered mostly from Laryngalgia. 5. Male patients had feelings of strain in the head and female patients had splitting headaches. 6. Musculo-skeletal System and General Symptoms were frequently observed in male patients. Digestive System and Nervous System were frequently observed in female patients. 7. Results from oriental medical Diagnosis showed that male patients mostly had Qi-deficiency, ling-deficiency while the majority of female patients had Food-stagnation, Damp-accumulation, Qi-stagnation. 8. The recovery time for male patients was shorter than it was for female patients. The recurrence rate of the headaches were higher for female patients. Prognosis was better than in female patients in comparison to male patients. Conclusions : The statistical survey conducted was based on Qi-section of DongEuiBoGam. It had significant differences in clinical characteristics between male & femal patients.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.181-191
• /
• 1980

For the purpose of studies on the citric acid production, some experiments were carried out with isolated strains. The results obtained were as follows. 1) The optimal culture media of the strain M-80 in surface culture contained 140g of sucrose, 3.0g of (N $H_4$)$_2$S $O_4$, 1.5g of K $H_2$P $O_4$, 0.2g of MgS $O_4$.7$H_2O$, 3.0mg of F $e^{++}$, 1.0mg of Z $n^{++}$, 0.5N HCI to a pH of 5.0 and distilled water to 1.0 liter; and that of the strain M-315 in surface culture contained 140g of sucrose, 2.0g of N $H_4$N $O_3$, 1.0g of K $H_2$P $O_4$, 0.25g of MgS $O_4$. 7$H_2O$, 2.0mg of F $e^{++}$, 2.0mg of Z $n^{++}$, 0.05mg of C $u^{++}$, 0.5N HCI to a pH of 4.5 and distilled water to 1.0 liter. While that of the strain M-315 in submerged culture contained 140g of sucrose, 2.5g of N $H_4$N $O_3$, 1.5g of K $H_2$P $O_4$, 0.3g of MgS $O_4$. 7$H_2O$, 3.0mg of F $e^{++}$, 0.1mg of C $u^{++}$, 0.5N HCI to a pH of 4.5 and distilled water to 1.0 liter. The optimal temperature and size of inoculum were mostly 28-3$0^{\circ}C$, 10$^{7}$ -10$^{8}$ spores/50ml, respectively. 2) Through the course of citric acid production, the growth of strains had nearly been completed, pH value was rapidly decreased below 2.0 and the content of sugar was also reduced, while the accumulation of citric acid in media was remarkably begun in about 3-4 days. The yields of citric acid generally reached the maximum level in 8-10 days in surface or submerged fermentation process. 3) Methanol was effective citric acid production when they were added to fermentation media. In the case of surface culture, by addition of 2％ (strain M-80), 3％ (strain M-315), the yields of citric acid was increased 6.5％, 20.6%, respectively and 5.0% yield was increased by addition of 3% methanol in submerged culture media of the strain M-315. 4) Chromatography analysis of culture broth after fermentation under optimal culture conditions detected that the majority of acid in media was citric acid. 72.1mg/ml, 98.1mg/ml, of citric acid were determined in surface culture media by strains of M-80, M-315, and 59.8 mg/ml of citric acid was contained in the submerged culture media by the strain M-315. strain M-315.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.131-140
• /
• 2015

To set up unicellular cyanobacterial strains with photo-biological $H_2$ production potential, live samples were repeatedly collected from 68 stations in the coastal zone of Korea for the four years since 2005. Among 77 cyanobacterial strains established six (KNU strains, CB-MAL002, 026, 031, 054, 055 and 058) were finally chosen as the excellent strains for $H_2$ production with $H_2$ accumulation over 0.15 mL $H_2\;mL^{-1}$ under general basic $H_2$ production conditions as well as positive $H_2$ production for more than 60 hr. To explore optimum procedures for higher $H_2$ production efficiency of the six cyanobacterial strains, the inter-strain differences in the growth rate under the gradients of water temperature and salinity were investigated. The maximum daily growth rates of the six strains ranged from 1.78 to 2.08, and all of them exhibited $N_2-fixation$ ability. Based on the similarity of the 16S rRNA sequences, all the test strains were quite close to Cyanothece sp. ATCC51142 (99%). The six strains, however, were grouped into separate clades from strain ATCC51142 in the molecular phylogeny diagram. Chlorophyll- a content was 3.4~7.8% of the total dried weight, and the phycoerythrin and phycocyanin contents were half of those in the Atlantic strain, Synechococcus sp. Miami BG03511. The growth of the six strains was significantly suppressed at temperatures above the optimal range, $30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$, to be nearly stopped at $40^{\circ}C$. The growth was not inhibited by high salinities of 30 psu salinity in all the strains while strain CB055 maintained its high growth rate at low salinities down to 15 psu. The euryhaline strains like CB055 might support massive biotechnological cultivation systems using natural basal seawater in temperate latitudes. base seawater. The biological and ecophysiological characteristics of the test strains may contribute to designing the optimal procedures for photo-biological $H_2$ production by unicellular cyanobacteria.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.257-264
• /
• 2018

The YrdC superfamily is a group of proteins that are highly conserved in almost all organisms sequenced so far. YrdC in Escherichia coli was suggested to be involved in ribosome biogenesis, translation termination, cold adaptation, and threonylcarbamoyl adenosine formation in tRNA. In this study, to unambiguously demonstrate that yrdC is essential in E. coli, we constructed two yrdC mutant strains of E. coli and examined their phenotypes. In the temperature-sensitive yrdC mutant strain, cell growth stopped almost immediately under nonpermissive conditions and it appeared to accumulate 16S ribosomal RNA precursors without significant accumulation of 30S ribosomal subunits. We also cloned yeast and human homologs and demonstrated that they complement the E. coli yrdC-deletion strain. By mutational study, we demonstrated that the concave surface in the middle of the YrdC protein plays an important role in E. coli, yeast, and human versions. By comparison of two yrdC-deletion strains, we also unambiguously demonstrated that yrdC is essential for viability in E. coli and that the functions of its yeast and human homologs overlap with that of E. coli YrdC.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.526-530
• /
• 2010

Isopentenyl diphosphate(IPP) isomerization to dimethylallyl diphosphate(DMAPP) is an important step for the efficient production of isoprenoids such as lycopene, ${\beta}$-carotene, astaxanthin, etc. The type II isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase gene from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803(sll1556, Syidi2) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli $DH5{\alpha}$. When E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$ harboring lycopene synthesis genes, crtE, crtB, and crtI and mevalonate pathway genes, MvK1, MvK2, and Mvd, was cultured on LB medium containing mevalonate, the strain grew very slowly be due to the toxicity of isopentenyl diphosphate derived from mevalonate. When Syidi2 was introduced to E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$ harboring the lycopene synthesis genes and mevalonate pathway genes, growth on mevalonate medium was fully restored and the colony showed red color indicating lycopene formation. The growth rate of the mutant strain, E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$(idi::${\Delta}km$), was very slow because of IPP accumulation and DMAPP deprivation. Ultimately the idi mutant was complemented by introducing the Syidi2 gene.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.206-215
• /
• 2020

Trichoderma reesei is the major filamentous fungus used to produce cellulase and there is huge interest in promoting its ability to produce higher titers of cellulase. Among the many factors affecting cellulase production in T. reesei, the mycelial phenotype is important but seldom studied. Herein, a close homolog of the Neurospora crassa COT1 kinase was discovered in T. reesei and designated TrCOT1, which is of 83.3% amino acid sequence identity. Functional disruption of Trcot1 in T. reesei by RNAi-mediated gene silencing resulted in retarded sporulation on potato dextrose agar and dwarfed colonies on minimal medium agar plates containing glucose, xylan, lactose, xylose, or glycerol as the sole carbon source. The representative mutant strain, SUS2/Trcot1i, also displayed reduced mycelia accumulation but hyperbranching in the MM glucose liquid medium, with hyphal growth unit length values decreased to 73.0 ㎛/tip compared to 239.8 ㎛/tip for the parent strain SUS2. The hyperbranching phenotype led to slightly but significantly increased cellulase secretion from 24 to 72 h in a batch culture. However, the cellulase production per unit of mycelial biomass was much more profoundly improved from 24 to 96 h.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.23-29
• /
• 1975

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of temperature and pH upon the acid productivity of the acid producing mutant induced by the treatment of ultraviolet light, and to identify the producing acid by PPC and p-oxydiphenyl method. Chemical composition of Takju mash brewed with selected yeast and producing acid were observed and the results were as follows. 1) There was no apprecible difference in acid producing activity of mutant at $25^{\circ}C\;to\;30^{\circ}C$. 2) The acid producing activity of mutant was little below pH 4 and was gradually increased according to approach nenutral, and the accumulation of acid was amounted to 0.5-0.7% as a lactic acid at pH 5 to 7 within 48 hrs of fermentation. 3) The acid produced by mutant was detected to the lactic acid. 4) In the cases of the Takju was brewed with the starter from the acid producing mutant the requirement of Ipkuk was 5% for all the raw materials, on the contrary, using orginal strain the requirement of Ipkuk was 20%. 5) In the case of both starters from the acid producing mutant and orginal strain were added at different brewing times, and only Bunkuk was used as a saccharifying agent (without Ipkuk), Takju was able to brewed more repidly and successfully than the case of general process.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.159-166
• /
• 2015

We investigated the anti-obesity effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus C isolated from kimchi and red ginseng and black raspberry mixture fermented by this strain. Experimental samples were prepared with 10% skim milk, 1% red ginseng extract and 1% immature black raspberry powder and without red ginseng extract and black raspberry fermented by this strain at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hour. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (a normal diet group (N), a high-fat diet group (HF), a high fat diet with L. acidophilus C (C), and a high fat diet with fermented mixture (CEx)) and were orally administered daily for 6 weeks at concentration of 2,000 mg/kg body weight. The results showed that weight gain, weight of periepididymal fat and perirenal fat, adipocyte size, lipid accumulation in liver, serum glucose concentration, serum GOT and GPT concentration and serum leptin were decreased and concentration of HDL-cholesterol and serum adiponectin were increased compared to HF group. These results suggest that fermented mixture (CEx) might be helpful in improvement of high-fat diet-induced obesity than only L. acidophilus C intake.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.31-39
• /
• 1991

Vibrio sp. S-1-2 was isolated from seawater in the Masan bay and its bacterial characteristics and bioaccumulation of $CdCl_2$ in the cell were investigated. As the result of microscopic and biochemical test, the S-1-2 strain was identified to Vibrio sp. and this strain can be tolerated even in 200 ppm $CdCl_2$ media, however its growth was inhibited. In 25 ppm $ZnCl_2$ media, the growth of Cd resistant Vibrio sp. S-1-2 was promoted at later stage of growth. The growth of Vibrio sp. S-1-2 was inhibited on 25 ppm $CuCl_2$ and $PbCl_2$ media and was not able to grow in 25 ppm $HgCl_2$ media at all. The uptake of cadium in the cells was increased exponentially with increasing concentration of $CdCl_2$ in media. But the uptake rate of cadmium was suddenly inhibited at 50 ppm $CdCl_2$ media. Optimal pH and NaCl concentration for bioaccumulation of $CdCl_2$ were 8-9 and 1-2%, respectively. In the case of pH, maximum dpm value was found at pH 7 after 96 hours culture and in the case of NaCl concentration, it was detected in 2% NaCl media after 36 hours culture.