• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.652-660
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• 2002

To develop natural food preservatives for extending the shelf-life of jeotkal (salted and fermented seafood), antimicrobial substances were extracted from 32 types of medicinal herbs and edible plants using 95% ethanol. Among the extracts, Glycyrrhizae radix, Curcumae domestica, Galla rhois, and Resina pini showed relatively high inhibitory effects on the growth of the microorganisms isolated from the deteriorated jeotkal. We selected and tested the extract from Recina pini as a natural jeotkal preservative. This ethanol extract was purified partially by adding equal quantity of water, through which 77% of insoluble materials were removed as impurities. In manufacturing modified jeotkal using squid, sucrose and starch syrup were substituted with sorbitol, $glucono-{\delta}-lactone$ was added instead of vitamin C and lactic acid, and sterilized hot pepper was used instead of natural one. The shelf-life of modified jeotkal was prolonged by 4 days compared with the control jeotkal when stored at $20^{\circ}C$, while that of modified jeotkal containing 1.0% partially purified Recina pini extract was prolonged by 6 days compared to the control. The same tests were conducted for the changran (stomach and intestine of Alaska pollack) jeotkal preservation. The shelf-life of the control jeotkal was 24 days, whereas the modified jeotkal and the Resina pini extract-containing modified jeotkal maintained their qualities without changes in microbial and chemical characteristics for 90 days at $20^{\circ}C$ storage.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.1175-1184
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• 2014

Fermented anchovy of the favorite sea food in Korea made from anchovy (Engraulis japonica) and salt. The study was undertaken to investigate the effects of different retorting conditions on the quality of canned salt-fermented anchovy fillet. The salt fermented anchovy fillet was prepared by fermenting anchovy(Engraulis japonica) with salt(15%) at $5^{\circ}C$ for 15 days and then cold air drying the fermented fillet for 1 hour. The dried fermented anchovy fillet(85g) was filled with olive oil(60g) into can(301-1) and seamed using a vacuum seamer, and then sterilized at Fo 9 and 11 mins in a steam system retort at 12 $1^{\circ}C$, respectively. After sterilization with different heating conditions, the pH, VBN, amino-N, color value (L, a, b), texture profile, TBA value, sensory evaluation and viable bacterial count of the canned salt-fermented anchovy fillet were measured. In both sterilized cans, the viable bacterial counts were not detected. There was no remarkable difference in physicochemical and sensory quality between sterilization conditions. The results showed that sterilization of Fo 9 min was more desirable than that of Fo 11 min to prepare canned salt-fermented anchovy fillet.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1348-1359
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• 2013

Kwamaegi is made from the flesh of Pacific saury, Cololabis Saira, which is traditional Korean seafood. It is well-recognized as a valuable health food containing EPA(eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA(docosahexaenoic acid) to be known ${\omega}$-3 fatty acid. This study was conducted to obtain basic data which can be applied to process of canned Kwamaegi using tomato paste sauce. Commercial Kwamaegi was cut into $2{\times}3cm$ lengths, filled 90 g into can (301-3), added with 60 g water and then precooked for 10 min. at $100^{\circ}C$. After precooking, water was drained. The precooked Kwamaegi was packed into the can, and added with 60 g of tomato paste sauce(tomato paste 42%, gum guar 1.0%, salt 2.0%, starch syrup 2.0%, cooking wine 1%, water 52%). The cans were seamed using a vacuum seamer, and then sterilized for various Fo values (Fo 8~12 min.) in a steam system retort at $121^{\circ}C$. pH, VBN, amino-N, total amino acid, free amino acid, color value (L, a, b), texture profile, TBA value, mineral, sensory evaluation and viable bacterial count of the canned Kwamaegi using tomato paste sauce produced at various sterilization condition(Fo 8~12 min.) were measured. There was no remarkable difference between sterilization conditions and sensual characteristics. The results showed that the product sterilized at Fo 8 min. was the most desirable because this condition is the most economical and tasty.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.20-30
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• 1975

It is matter of fact processing technology must affects the quality and yield of final product and these also depend on the selection of raw material directly or indirectly. So that the estimation of tile preprocessing condition of shellfish is of great importance for distributors and processors. This study was attempted to establish the basic data for evaluating the processing suitability of baby clam, which is one of the five important shellfishes for domestic use and export. The important results are as follows: 1. The ratio of meat volume and meat weight to the holding capacity by shells may be useful for measuring the condition index of baby clams. 2. Baby clams grown in the beds with the composition of a large quantity of gravel were low in condition index value than in sand and mud. 3. If the green feed phenomenon was the prime consideration for canned baby clams, tile most suitable harvest season if October. In this period, the digestive tract in body was almost colorless. 4. As a whole, seasonal changes of moisture and fat content in baby clams were reversely correlated. Protein content increased from April and slightly decreased for a while from July to August and increased again from September. In March, the content of glycogen was 6.3 to 6.8 percent. From this period to October, glycogen was rapidly decreased. In October, it was only 0.1 to 0.2 percent but increased from November. There were little seasonal changes in pH value and crude ash content. The pH value of meat was 6.0 to 6.2 and crude ash content was about 2 percent. 5. By the results of condition index and chemical composition of baby clams, the suitable harvest season as raw materials for processing was from March to June and from September to October. 6. The steamed baby clam meat was packed with 2 percent salt solution containing 0.15 percent, citric acid or 0.5 percent $Na_2$ EDTA in a round sanitary tin can coated with C-enamel that is 203.9 ml by volume and sterilized for 60 minutes at $112^{\circ}C$. The canned product has shown a good result to reserve the natural characteristics of baby clam through six month storage at room temperature.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2015

Three different methods (simple washing of plastic and pulp sample, washing after direct heating of the diapers, and the heating after washing of plastic and pulp sample) were carried out to decrease total coliforms and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) in the diaper's plastic and pulp. Plastic and pulp samples were obtained from diaper by treatment with 10% $CaCl_2$ and 4% sea salt water, dilution with 1,000 ml tap water, and draining by using sieves. Three times washing was the most appropriate for the reduction of microorganisms in plastic and pulp. By three times washing, the number of total coliforms in the plastic and pulp samples showed 92.8% and 99.8% of decrease, respectively, and the number of HPC showed 97.3% of decrease in the plastic and 98.5% of decrease in the pulp. The washing after direct heating of the fecal contaminated diapers was not effective because HPC in the plastic and pulp samples were still detected about 2-3 log CFU/g in the plastic and 1-2 log CFU/g in the pulp, respectively, even after heating at $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$ for 12 h. Meanwhile, total coliforms and HPC were completely sterilized at $80^{\circ}C$ for 4 h by heating after washing of plastic and pulp samples, suggesting that this method was the most appropriate method for the reduction of microorganisms in plastic and pulp obtained from fecal contaminated diapers.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 2007

Single and repeated-dose toxicity of anti-diabetic herb extract microcapsule (ADHEM) were evaluated according to Toxicity Test Guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration using Sprague-Dawley rats. For single-dose toxicity test, kneading ADHEM with sterilized water were administered orally once at dose levels of 0 and 2,000 mg/kg and examined for 14 days. No dead animals, clinical signs and abnormal necropsy findings were observed and also no significant difference in body weights was found. Therefore, the $LD_{50}$ of ADHEM was considered to be higher than 2,000 mg/kg in both male and female rats. For repeated-dose toxicity test, ADHEM were mixed with powder fodder and administerd orally for 28 days at dose levels of 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day. No dead animals, clinical signs and significant difference in body weights were found. In hematology and serum biochemistry, all values were included within the normal ranges. In relative organ weights, kidney or liver were significantly increased in the 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg/day male groups, uterus was significantly increased in the 500 mg/kg/day female group and left adrenal glands were significantly decreased in the 2000 mg/kg/day female group. In histopathological examinations, vacuolation and microgranuloma in the liver, chronic progressive nephropathy and inflammation in the kidney were observed in the 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg/day both male and female groups. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of ADHEM was considered to be lower than 500 mg/kg/day in both male and female rats.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 2007

This study aimed to investigate the hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dechlorinating ability of sediment microbes collected from a natural canal receiving secondary effluents from an industrial estate and nearby factories. Nine sites along the stream and one in the estuary in the Gulf of Thailand into which the canal spills were specified and sampling for sediment and water. Preliminary analysis of the sediments showed that the first four sites nearest to the discharging location were contaminated by HCB within the range of 0.18 to 1.25 ppm. Apart from that, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene which has never been commercially produced or used in any manufacturing processes except for the transformation from higher chlorinated benzene was also identified in the range of 0.16 to 0.24 ppm. This suggested a possibility of sporadically HCB contamination in this stream. Of more important, people in the community along this canal earn their living by coastal fishery; hence, posing a risk of spreading HCB and its less chlorinated congeners via food chain from caught marine creatures to human. As a result, there is an urgent need to understand the behavior of HCB dechlorination in this stream sediment which can lead to a clean-up action in the future. Serum bottles with sediment slurries (sediment to water ratio of 1:1 (v/v) and filtered to remove particles larger than 0.7 mm) from each site were inoculated with 2 mg/l of HCB, kept anaerobically in the dark at room temperature without any nourishment, and analyzed for HCB and its less-chlorinated congeners every 6 days. Total chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, and volatile suspended solids were in the range of 21,492-73,584, 158,100-518,100 and 6,000-32,700 mg/l, respectively. It was found that all sediment slurries began to dechlorinate HCB in 12 to 30 days and the HCB was completely removed within 42 to 60 days or so. On the other hand, there was no HCB dechlorination occurred in the controlled set which was sterilized by autoclaving prior to the addition of HCB. This implies that the HCB transformation was solely due to microorganisms' activities. HCB was dechlorinated principally via pentachlolobenzene to 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene and terminated at 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene which is the major pathway as reported by many researchers. Dichlorobenzene has not been detected in any samples within the dechlorination period of 60 days. The results indicate that the microbial matrix in the sediment of this stream has an outstanding capability to dechlorinate HCB. Existing substrates and nutrients which mainly sorbed onto the solid phase and the typical temperature in Thailand were sufficient and suitable to promote the activities of these HCB-dechlorinating microbes.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.427-435
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• 2016

The effects of salt solution and chlorella on the quality of canned oyster, Crassostrea gigas, were evaluated to obtain basic data regarding the processing of two canned oyster products. In canned oyster processing, the shucked oyster meat was steamed for 20 min and then drained. Then, each can (301-3) was filled with 90 g boiled oyster in 60 mL 1.5% salt solution for the control samples or 30 mL 1.5% salt solution and 30 mL chlorella culture medium for the experimental samples. All canned products were sealed using a vacuum seamer and then sterilized to Fo values of 6-12 min in a steam retort system at 118℃. The viable bacteria count, proximate composition, pH, salinity, yield, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), amino-nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), mineral, color value, free amino acid levels, hardness, and sensory evaluation of the two canned products were measured under various sterilization conditions. There were no significant differences in the physical or chemical factors and little difference in the overall acceptance of the control and experimental samples.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2013

Microbiological populations and the sterility of commercial powdered products treated with gamma irradiation at 0~10 kGy were investigated before using them as ingredients for a non-cooked Saengsik product. We evaluated a total of 14 powdered products: 8 powdered cereals, 3 powdered tubers, and 3 powdered leafy vegetables. The total numbers of bacterial populations in non-irradiated powdered cereals, tubers, and leafy vegetables were 2.7~6.9, 5.6~6.0, and $5.3{\sim}6.8\;log\; CFU{\cdot}g^{-1}$, respectively. Moreover, coliform bacteria were not indicated in adlay, millet, germinated brown rice, soybean, and mulberry leaves powder within detection limit ($2.0\;log\; CFU{\cdot}g^{-1}$). The number of Bacillus cereus exceeded $3.0\;log\; CFU{\cdot}g^{-1}$ (the maximum limit for Saengsik products) in all samples, excluding perilla seeds, buckwheat, barley, oat, potato, and Jerusalem artichoke powder. However, a dose of 6 kGy of gamma irradiation reduced the microbiological populations in all samples, and all the powdered products met the microbial requirements for Saengsik products. Futhermore, it was confirmed that all microorganisms in the 9 powdered products, except fermented brown rice, sweet potatoes, and 3 leafy vegetables, were sterilized by 10 kGy of gamma irradiation.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2009

${\gamma}-Aminobutyric$ acid (GABA) producing lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus RMK567 was cultivated in 50 L of sterilized MRS broth using a fermenter at $40^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. The cell number was increased to $10.04{\pm}0.13$ Log CFU/mL with a growth rate constant (k) of 0.454 generation/h and a generation time (g) of 2.303 h after a lapse of a lag phase (L) of 5.16 h. A total of 487 g of cell paste with 40.5% moisture was harvested with viable cell number of 12.48 Log CFU/g cell paste. The cell pastes after preparation with glycerol, glucose, and polydextrose as cryo-protectants were lyophilized under a vacuum of 84 m torr. A total of 408 g of freeze dried (FD) cell powders were mixed with a commercial strain of Streptococcus thermophilus to prepare of three types FD starter cultures with the viable cell numbers of 12.42 (FDA-GY), 12.60 (FDBGG) and 12.91 (FDC-GP) Log CFU/g. During preservation the FD cultures at -$18^{\circ}C$, the cell viability of the FD starter cultures were rapidly dropped to below 3.24% of the day of storage. No significant difference was found in the cell viabilities among three types of FD starters cultures, but significant difference (p<0.01) was found in storage periods. Yoghurts fermented through FD starter culture of L. acidophilus RMK567 were determined to contain $155.16{\pm}8.53$ ppm, $243.82{\pm}4.27$ ppm, and $198.64{\pm}23.46$ ppm of GABA, respectively. This study shows that GABA production activity of L. acidophilus RMK567 is not affected during the freeze drying process and would be available for commercial production of yoghurt containing high GABA content.