• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.337-346
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• 2001

Objective : To determine the clinical risk factors associated with the mode of delivery decision and to compare cesarean section rates after adjusting for risk factors identified among Korean hospitals. Methods Data were collected from 9 general hospitals in two provincial regions by medical record abstraction during February 2000. A total of 3,467 cases were enrolled and analyzed by stepwise logistic regression. Performance of the risk-adjustment model (discrimination and calibration) was evaluated by the C statistic and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Crude rates, predicted rates with 95% confidence intervals, and adjusted rates of cesarean section were calculated and compared among the hospitals. Results : The average crude cesarean section rate was 53.2%, ranging from 39.4% to 65.7%. Several risk factors such as maternal age, previous history of cesarean section, placenta previa, placental abruption, malpresentation, amniotic fluid abnormality, gestational anemia, infant body weight, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and chorioamnionitis were found to have statistically significant effects on the mode of delivery. It was confirmed that information about most of these risk factors was able to be collected through the national health insurance claims database in Korea. Performance of the risk-adjustment model was good (c statistic=0.815, Hosmer-Lemeshow test=0.0621). Risk factor adjustment did lead to some change in the rank of hospital cesarean section rates. The crude rates of three hospitals were beyond 95% confidence intervals of the predicted rates. Conclusions : Considering that cesarean section rates in Korean hospitals are too high, it is apparent that some policy interventions need to be introduced. The concept and methodology of risk adjustment should be used in the process of health policy development to lower the cesarean section rate in Korea.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.449-458
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• 2000

Objectives : To determine the prevalence of prostatitis symptoms in the general population by questionnaire survey and to measure the effect of prostatitis symptoms on quality of life(QOL). Materials & Methods : A cross sectional community-based epidemiologic study was performed on 2,034 men, living in the Seoul metropolitan area using stepwise random sampling. Out of 2,034 interviewees, 1,356 men who were older than 40 and provided sufficient information were selected for this study. The questionnaires were completed by well trained interviewers. Contents of the questionnaires included demographic data, the Prostatitis Symptom Index(PSI), the International Prostate Symptom Score(IPSS), a general health questionnaire section and a sexual health questionnaire section. The PSI was composed of a sum of the scores from three questions about dysuria, penile pain and perineal pain and it ranged 0 to 12. Incidence of prostatitis symptoms was defined by a score of 4 or more and the reference group was defined as consisting of those with a score of 3 or less. The rate of incidence of prostatitis symptoms was assessed according to age and the difference of QOL between the prostatitis symptoms group and the reference group. Results : The overall positive rate of prostatitis symptoms measured by the PSI, in men older than 40, living in the Seoul metropolitan area, was 4.5%(61/1,356), adjusted to 4.8% by the relative proportion of this age group in the general population of the Seoul metropolitan area as compared to Korea and the World. The proportion of the group with prostatitis symptoms assessed by the PSI did not increase with age although the proportion of participants with moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) did increase with age. The group with prostatitis symptoms suffered from a much greater incidence of LUTS compared to the reference group (p<0.05). The QOL scores of the IPSS, and the general health and sexual health status of the group with prostatitis symptoms, were worse than those of the reference group.(p<0.05). Conclusions : The positive rate of prostatitis symptoms in men older than 40, living in the Seoul metropolitan area, was 4.8% and it didn't increase with age. The general QOL of the group with prostatitis symptoms was much worse than that of the reference group.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.4 s.51
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• pp.875-884
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• 1995

In order to investigate the level of lead exposure of workers in litharge making industry and to evaluate how lead exposure, personal habit such as smoking and drinking affect the prevalence of lead related symptoms and other study variables, we investigate 114 workers(24 office workers and 90 lead exposed workers) in a litharge making industry. Study variables chosen were blood lead(PbB), zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood(ZPP), Hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit (Hct), SGOT and SGPT symptom questionnaires which had 15 lead exposure related symptoms were provided to all workers and filled up by themselves and reconfirmed by physician. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The mean value of PbB, ZPP and SGOT in lead exposed group were higher than those of non-exposed group, and there were no differences of means in other study variables. 2. The smoking and drinking rate of study subjects were 65.8% and 71.0% as a whole. Smoking rates were lower in non-exposed group than exposed group, but drinking rate were not. 3. There were no differences of mean values of study variables between smoker and non-smoker in non-exposed and exposed group, but there was a difference of mean value of SGOT between drinker and lion-drinker in lead exposed group. 4. While the symptom prevalence of lead exposed group were higher in neuromuscular category than non-exposed group, those of non-exposed group were higher or same with exposed group in gastrointestinal and general symptom category. 5. The symptom prevalence of smoker were higher than non-smoker regardless of exposure. 6. The symptom prevalence of drinker were only higher in gastrointestinal symptom category than non-drinker. 7. In multiple stepwise regression analysis of lead related symptoms as dependent variable and blood lead, smoking habit, drinking habit and work duration as independent variables, drinking habit contributed to the gastrointestinal symptom category, whereas blood lead and smoking contributed to the neuromuscular symptom category. For the total symptoms work duration and smoking habit contributed significantly.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.63-89
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• 1996

This study has been done for the purpose of determining whether the positive association between social support and depression is attributable to an overall beneficial effect of support(direct effect) or to a process of support protecting persons from adverse effects of stressors such as life events, pain or physical disability (buffering effect). The sample consisted of 214 patients who were identified as the rheumatoid arthritis. The instruments used in this study were Depression Scale(CES-D), Perceived Social Support Scale, Life Events Questionnaire, AIMS Pain Scale, and Physical Disability Scale. The data were analysed by the use of t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The results of this study are summerized as follows : 1. The 1st hypothesis, "The higher the life events degree, the higher the depression degree" was supported(r=.49, P=.0001). 2. The 2nd hypothesis, "The higher the pain degree, the higher the depression degree" was supported(r=.44, P=.0001). 3. The 3rd hypothesis, "The higher the physical disability degree, the higher the depression degree" was supported (r=.46, P=.0001). 4. The 4th hypothesis, "The higher the social support degree, the lower the depression degree" was supported(F=84.52, P=.0001). 5. The 5th hypothesis, "There will be different in the relationship between the degrees of life events and depression according to social support degree" was rejected (F=.29, P=.5928). 6. The 6th hypothesis, "There will be different in the relationship between the degrees of pain and depression according to social support degree" was supported (F=3.19, P=.0755). 7. The 7th hypothesis, "There will be different in the relationship between the degrees of physical disability and depression according to social support degree" was supported(F=5.69, P=.018). 8. The predictive variables for depression were the degrees for social support, life events, pain, and physical disability. 9. The depression degree showed a inverse correlation with social support degree (r=-.56, p=.0001). The social support degree showed a inverse correlation with the degrees of life events(r=-.22, p=.0007), pain(r=-.18, p=.0069) and physical disability(r=-.15, p=.0293). 10. The depression degree showed significant differences in the variables of sex (t=2.26, p=.025), educational level(r=.189, P=.006) and the number of treatment method (r=.201, P=.003). In conclusion, it was found that social support had the direct effect on depression and the buffering effect in each relationship between degrees of pain or physical disability and depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. So the researcher thinks that it is effective that nurses should provide these patients with social support to reduce depression in cases of having severe pain or physical disability.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3521-3531
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• 2012

This study was performed to determine the relationships among self-esteem, state anxiety, interpersonal behavior trait and locus of control, and to reveal its related factors. The interviews were performed, during the period from April 1st, to June 30th, 2011, to 396 elderlies in Daejeon city. As a results, the self-esteem was negatively correlated with state anxiety and interpersonal behavior trait, while it was positively correlated with locus of control. While state anxiety was positively correlated with interpersonal behavior trait, it was negatively correlated with locus of control, and interpersonal behavior trait was positively correlated with locus of control. Multiple stepwise analysis revealed that the factors of influence on self-esteem included IADL, spouse, mastication of food and amnesia. The factors of influence on State anxiety included mastication of food, IADL, spouse, subjective health status, disability of body, subjective sleep evaluation and educational level. The factors of influence on Interpersonal dependent behavior trait included spouse, IADL, monthly income and subjective health status. The factors of influence on locus of control included spouse and visual acuity. Above results suggested that the self-esteem, state anxiety, interpersonal behavior trait and locus of control of subjects were significantly related with the sociodemographic characteristics, health related factors and health status.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.436-444
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• 2010

Objectives: This study aimed to assess prospectively the clinical outcome of nonsurgical endodontic treatment and identify patient- and tooth-related factors, rather than treatment-related factors, that were the best predictors of this outcome. Materials and Methods: The inception cohort comprised 441 teeth (320 patients) and 175 teeth (123 patients) were followed up for 1-2 years. Age, gender, presence of medical disease, number of canals, previous endodontic treatment, presence of sensitivity and pain, pulp vitality, swelling or sinus tract of pulpal origin on the gingiva, periapical radiolucency and tendency of unilateral bite on the affected tooth were recorded at treatment start. Results: The outcome was classified on the basis of periapical radiolucency as healed or non healed. The overall healed rate in these cases, including nonsurgical retreatment, was 81.1%. Four tooth-related factors had a negative impact in the bivariate analysis: previous endodontic treatment, necrotic pulp, preoperative gingival swelling or sinus tract of pulpal origin, and preoperative periapical radiolucency. Stepwise logistic regression analysis including patient-, tooth-related factors and level of the root canal filling as a treatment-related factor showed that preoperative gingival lesion (odds ratio [OR]: 4.4; p = 0.005), preoperative periapical radiolucency (OR: 3.6; p = 0.011), and $\leq$ 1-2 mm under root filling length (OR: 9.6; p = 0.012) were significant predictors of failure. Conclusions: A preoperative gingival lesion of pulpal origin can influence the outcome of nonsurgical endodontic treatment in addition to preoperative periapical radiolucency.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.166-180
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• 2000

This study sought to find out the level of perception of the effect on women's physical, mental, socio-culture health of the artificial abortion. The research design was a descriptive correlational study and selected by convenient sampling. The subjects were 510 female and male adults who live in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected from 20th September, 1999 to 28th October, 1999. The data were analyzed through the SPSS program by use of frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test as a post hoc contrast, $x^2$-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression. The results of the study are as follows. 1. The subject who experienced artificial abortion was 24.3% and 468% of these had experienced repeated artificial abortion. 54.4% was using the contraceptives and there was a significant difference in the contraceptives between that women wish to use and that women are really using. 2. For the opinion on the artificial abortion, 77.3% of respondents was pro-abortionists and the most acceptable reasons of pro-choice were" In case of unmarried" and "For the women's health". 3. On the whole, the subjects perceived that artificial abortion had a negative effect on the women's health, especially, on the women's mental health. Among the items, 'guilty feeling about the baby' was the highest. 4. The related factors to the level of perception of the effect on women's health of the artificial abortion were in sex, age, occupational status, marital status, educational level, the number of children, abortion history, contraceptives women use, the frequency of the consideration on the problem of artificial abortion and the position toward abortion such as pro or anti. The main influencing factors on the level o0f perception were artificial abortion history, occupational status and the frequency of the consideration on the problem of artificial abortion. Theses factors explained 35% of total variance of the level of perception 5. The variables related to the experience of artificial abortion were age, occupational status, marital status, religion, educational level, the number of children and whether women practice contraceptives or not.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.51-69
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• 1993

Precipitable Water(PW) are retrieved over the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean from TOVS infrared and microwave channel brightness temperature and OLR observations by means of stepwise linear regression. The retrieved TOVS PW fields generated by PW$_{sfc}$(71.1 % of the variance and 0.62 g cm$^{-2}$ standard error over the surface) and PW$_{700500}$(71.7 % and 0.17 g cm$^{-2}$ over the 700 - 500 hPa layer) revealed more evolving synoptic signals over the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean. The PW$_{sfc}$ dose not show significantly the TP feature because of the representation of the lower PW for high-level clouds not associated with deep convection. There exists some elusion to trace the TP on the PW$_{sfc}$ field if any supplementary information does not provide. But ECMWF analysis has a general tendency of drying the subtropics and moistening the ITCZ (InterTropical Convergence Zone) and SPCZ(South Pacific Convergence Zone). However, although ECMWF analysis is fairly successful in capturing mean patterms, it is unsuccessful in following active synoptic signal like a tropical plume. Similarly, SMMR-PW does not represent the TP well which consists of the highand middle-level clouds, but PW$_{sfc}$ shows underestimated moistness of TP and does not depict significant signal of TP. In the PW field derived from microwave observations, the TP can not be recognized well. Furthermore, the signature of PW$_{sfc}$ was different from OLR for the TP, which implies the presence of high- and middle-layer thin clouds, but in a closer agreement for deep and active convection areas which contain thick middle- and lower-layer clouds; though OLR represented the cloudiness in the tropics well. In synoptically active regions, it differed from OLR analysis, primarily bacause of actual differences in water vapor and cloud features. The signature of PW$_{sfc}$ was different from OLR for the TP.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.687-691
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• 1993

Complexation of $Cd^{2+},\;Pb^{2+}\;and\;Hg^{2+}$ ions with four cryptands were studied by potentiometry and solution calorimetry in various weight percent methanol-aqueous solvent at 25${\circ}$C under $CO_2$free nitrogen atmosphere. The stabilities of the complexes were dependent on the cavity size of macrocycles. The $Hg^{2+}$ ion stability constants are higher than those of $Cd^{2+}\;and\;Pb^{2+}$ ion. All the cryptands formed complexes having 1 : 1 (metal to ligand) mole-ratio except for $Hg^{2+}-L_1$ (cryptand 1,2b: 3,5-benzo-9,14,17-trioxa-1,7-diazabicyclo-(8,5,5) heptadecane) and $Cd^{2+}-L_2$ (cryptand 2,2b: 3,5-benzo-10,13,18,21-tetraoxa-1,7-diazabicyclo (8,5,5) eicosane) complexes. $Hg^{2+}-L_1$ complex was a sandwitch type, and the $Cd^{2+}-L_2$ complex showed two stepwise reactions. Thermodynamic parameters of the $Cd^{2+}-L_2$ complex were $6.08(log\;K_1)$, -7.28 Kcal/mol $({\Delta}H_1)$, and $4.78\;(log\;K_2)$, -4.62 Kcal/mol $({\Delta}H_2)$, respectively, for 1 : 1 and 2: 1 mole-ratio. The sequences of the selectivity were increased in the order of $Hg^{2+}\;>Pb^{2+}\;>Cd^{2+}$ ion for $L_3\;and\;L_4$ macrocycles, and the $L_2$-macrocycle has a selectivity for $Cd^{2+}$ ion relative to $Zn^{2+},\;Ni^{2+},\;Pb^{2+}\;and\;Hg^{2+}$ ions. Thus, it is expected that the $L_2$ can be used as carrier for seperation of the post transition metals by macrocycles-mediated liquid membrane because $L_2$ is not soluble in water, and the difference of stability constants of the metal complexes with $L_2$ are large as compared with the other transition metal complexes. The $^1H\;and\;^{13}C-NMR studies indicated that the nitrogen atoms of cryptands have greater affinity to the post transition metal ions than the oxygen atoms, and that the planarities of the macrocycles were lost by complexation with the metal ions because of the perturbation of ring current of benzene molecule attached to macrocycles and counter-anions.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.349-357
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of body mass index(BMI) on insulin. fasting blood sugar(FBS), and hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c). This study analyzed the data of 2015, The Sixth KNHANES, and it was included to 4554 subject over 20 years old. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression analysis(SPSS 25.0). The major findings, BMI was positively correlated with insulin(r=0.397, p<0.001), FBS(r=0.241, p<0.001), and HbA1c(r=0.237, p<0.001). Factors affecting insulin are overweight(${\beta}=.130$, t=8.193, p<0.001), obesity(${\beta}=.390$, t=24.390, p<0.001) and age. the explanatory power is 13.1% (F=53.584, p<0.001). Factors affecting FBS were overweight(${\beta}=.072$, t=4.478, p<0.001), obesity(${\beta}=.186$, t= 11.485, p<0.001), age, the explanatory power was 10.6% (F=42.351, p<0.001). Factors affecting HbA1c were overweight(${\beta}=.059$, t=3.712, p<0.001), obesity(${\beta}=.190$, t=11.895, p<0.001) age and sex, the explanatory power is 14.1% (F=58.134, p<0.001). Based on this study result, diabetes mellitus prevention and management programs should include interventions related to obesity.