• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.697-702
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• 2011

Two-dimensional (2D) nano patterns including a two-dimensional Bravais lattice were fabricated by laser interference lithography using a two step exposure process. After the first exposure, the substrate itself was rotated by a certain angle, $90^{\circ}$ for a square or rectangular lattice, $75^{\circ}$ for an oblique lattice, and $60^{\circ}$ for a hexagonal lattice, and the $90^{\circ}$ and laser incident angle changed for rectangular and the $45^{\circ}$ and laser incident angle changed for a centered rectangular; we then carried out a second exposure process to form 2D bravais lattices. The band structure of five different 2D nano patterns was simulated by a beam propagation program. The presence of the band-gap effect was shown in an oblique and hexagonal structure. The oblique latticed ZnO nano-photonic crystal array had a pseudo-bandgap at a frequency of 0.337-0.375, 0.575-0.596 and 0.858-0.870. The hexagonal latticed ZnO nano-crystallite array had a pseudo-bandgap at a frequency of 0.335-0.384 and 0.585-0.645. The ZnO nano structure with an oblique and hexagonal structure was grown through the patterned opening window area by a hydrothermal method. The morphology of 2D nano patterns and ZnO nano structures were investigated by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The diameter of the opening window was approximately 250 nm. The height and width of ZnO nano-photonic crystals were 380 nm and 250 nm, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.76-83
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• 2010

We(Hansol EME Co. Ltd.) proceeded anaerobic digestion test for domestic food wastewater applying to two operating method for increasing of OLR. The methods are as follows. One was the rapidity operating method which was increasing the OLR continuously and rapidly and the other was the terraced operating method which was increasing the OLR having adaptation period for each step. As a result of this tests, the ratio of VFA/Alkalinity of the process was very unstable under the rapidity operating method then the volume of produced biogas was dramatically decreased. However the process was shown stable performance under the terraced operating method maintaining the ratio of VFA/Alkalinity less than 0.4. Also, the process was performing the biogas recovery of $0.8Nm^3/kgVS_{rem}/d$ and the VS removal ratio of 85%. T-RFLP analysis about the community of bacteria and methanogen is also conducted to check the change of the microbial community according to the methods of OLR increasing operation. The microbial community was changed by the methods of OLR increasing operation according to the result of T-RFLP analysis. Although the anaerobic digestion test was executed by same pilot plant, the reactivity and the tolerance of microbial community for surrounding environment could be considerably changed by the operating method for the process.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.332-334
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• 2002

We examined the effects of supplementary ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on the changes in synthesis and degradation of ribulose-I, 5-biphosphate carboxylase /oxygenase (Rubisco) and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein of PSII (LHCII), as well as mRNA levels for small and large subunits of Rubisco (rbcS and rbcL, respectively) and LHCII (cab) with leaf age in UV-sensitive rice (Norin I) and UV-resistant rice (Sasanishiki). Both Rubisco and LHCII were actively synthesized until the leaf had fully expanded, and then decreased with leaf age. Synthesis of Rubisco, but not LHCII, was significantly suppressed by UV-B in Norin 1. The degradation of Rubisco was enhanced by UV-B around the time of the leaf maturation in the two cultivars. The levels of rbcS and rbcL were reduced by UV-B at the early leaf stages after emergence in both cultivars. The level of cab was first present at the highest level in the two cultivars, but drastically decreased due to UV-B treatment immediately after leaf emergence in Norin 1. It was proved that synthesis and degradation of Rubisco and LHCII greatly changed with leaf age: Rubisco synthesis was significantly suppressed by supplementary UV-B radiation at the transcription step during the early leaf stages. It was also suggested that the difference between the two rice cultivars in sensitivity to UV-B in the synthesis of Rubisco might be due to the specific suppression not only after transcription but also at transcription.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.613-616
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• 2005

In this word as the first step to develop optical biosensors for a single cell level analysis, the preparation method of nano-scale polymer hydrogel spheres containing an enzyme was set up and the feasibility of the spheres as optical biosensors was investigated. The horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was encapsulated in the PEG hydrogel spheres by suspension photopolymerization, yielding spheres of the average size of 305 nm. After the polymerization, the incorporation and activity of HRP within the spheres were determined by the production of fluorescence resulted from the enzymatic reaction between HRP and $\H_{2}O_{2}$. The fluorescence emission response of the HRP-loaded PEG hydrogel spheres increased by nearly 300$\%$ as hydrogen peroxide concentration was changed from 0 to 11 nM in the presence of Amplex Red. The results suggest that the method to prepare the PEG hydrogel nanospheres containing an enzyme could be used for developing optical biosensors to measure various analytes in the very small samples like a single cell.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.592-600
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• 2012

Social reactions to body exposure in American leisure wear (bathing suits, shorts, and halters) in the 1930s were analyzed to provide an understanding of the process of adopting more abbreviated and less-occasion specific styles of garments in women's fashion. The research questions were as follow: How did women expose their bodies in leisure wear during the 1930s? How did the social reaction to women's body exposure in leisure wear change throughout the 1930s? How did the body exposure in women's leisure wear play a significant role in the history of women's fashion? Primary sources were collected from issues of The New York Times published in the 1930s. Topics including dress, fashion, ethics, social ethics, and sexual ethics, were reviewed in The New York Times indices. The findings were analyzed and interpreted with reference to secondary sources that included books and research papers. The results showed that the body exposure of the styles as well as the place where these styles were worn was a public issue. Women were criticized and regulated for body exposure as well as for wearing bathing suits, shorts, and halters on the streets. However, the social regulations that restricted bathing suit styles almost disappeared by the end of the decade. This represented the change of social expectations toward body exposure in the 1930s. In addition, reports of laws that forbade the wearing of bathing suits, halters, and shorts outside of beaches, pools, and parks indicated women's increased attempts to expose their bodies in public places. However, reactions to women's body exposure in leisure wear changed to accept more flexibility in the social customs throughout the decade. These phenomena were a partial step toward the popularization of less occasion-specific styles - sportswear - that took place in the 20th century.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.33-45
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the tendency toward depression and fatigue in early postpartum women and to determine the relationship between the symptoms of these conditions, according to the women's Sasang constitutions. Methods: In this study, 73 healthy postpartum women were analyzed according to Sasang constitution: 33 Taeeumin, 22 Soyangin, and 18 Soeumin. Symptoms of depression and fatigue were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale-K(EPDS-K) and the Fatigue Continuum Form(FCF), respectively, on the fourth(time 1), seventh(time 2), and fifteenth(time 3) days postpartum. Sasang constitutional types were determined by a medical specialist, using results from the Two Step Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis(TS-QSCD). Results: 1. The overall depressive symptoms and fatigue scores decreased significantly over time in early postpartum women. 2. The mean scores for the EPDS and FCF were higher in the Soeumin group than in other groups. The scores for EPDS and FCF dropped sharply in comparison to a former level in the Soyangin group. And the mean EPDS score was lower in the Soyangin group than in other groups. The EPDS and FCF scores in the Taeeumin group changed slightly over time. However, these results were not statistically significant according to Sasang constitution. 3. The relationship between postpartum depression and fatigue showed a significant positive correlation. Conclusions: These results suggest that, in early postpartum women, depressive symptoms and fatigue differ according to Sasang constitution.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.393-400
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• 2017

For comparison to the Li-ion battery, evaluating a thermal battery must consider additional variables. The first one is the temperature difference between the battery and its unit cell. Thermal batteries and their unit cells have a temperature difference that is caused by the thermal battery activation mechanism and its shape. The second variable is the electrochemical reaction steps. Most Li-ion batteries have a constant electrochemical reaction at the electrode, and battery voltage is affected when the concentration of Li ions is changed. However, a thermal battery has several steps in its electrochemical reaction, and each step has a different potential. In this study, we used unit cell discharge tests based on interpolating a 4D lookup table to estimate the performance of a thermal battery. From the test results, we derived an estimation algorithm by interpolating the table, which is queried from specified profile groups. As a result, we found less than a 5 percent difference between estimation and experiment at the 1.3 V cut-off time.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2017

Recently, the emphasis on education of informatics gifted elementary students is to make creative leader in knowledge-based society. It need the high mental faculties and problem solving ability to solve many problem situations for students. In this paper, we developed App Inventor programming education plan. We taught this plan to gifted elementary students and observed the effects of their problem solving ability, self-efficacy and achievement of programing process. In order to achieve the research goals, we designed the appropriate App Inventor programming plan for gifted elementary students and we changed the Learning Model of Renzulli's three step for gifted students to achieve this research goals. Designed learning program was utilized by twenty informatics gifted elementary students for 15 times during five weeks period. In conclusion, we confirmed that App Inventor programming education for gifted elementary students affected the problem solving ability, self-efficacy and achievement of programing process positively.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.106-112
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• 2017

Objective: Robot assisted gait training is implemented as part of therapy for the recovery of gait patterns in recent clinical fields, and the scope of implications are continuously increasing. However clear therapy protocols of robot assisted gait training are insufficent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of robot-assisted gait training applied with guidance force on balance and gait performance in persons with hemiparetic stroke. Design: Two group pre-test post-test design. Methods: Nineteen persons were diagnosed with hemiparesis following stroke participated in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to the unilateral guidance group or bilateral guidance group to conduct robot-assisted gait training. All participants underwent robot-assisted gait training for twelve sessions (30 min/d, 3 d/wk for 4 weeks). They were assessed with gait parameters (gait velocity, cadence, step length, stance phase, and swing phase) using Optogait. This study also measured the dynamic gait index (DGI), the Berg balance scale (BBS) score, and timed up and go (TUG). Results: After training, BBS scores were was significantly increased in the bilateral training group than in the unilateral guidance group (p<0.05). Spatiotemporal parameters were significantly changed in the bilateral training group (gait speed, swing phase ratio, and stance phase ratio) compared to the unilateral training group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that robot-assisted gait training show feasibility in facilitating improvements in balance and gait performance for subacute hemiparetic stroke patients.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.185-193
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of combined exercise on body composition, funtional fitness and muscle protein synthesis related hormone in sarcopenic obesity elderly women. The subjects for the study were 20 obesity elderly women over 65 years old. They were divided into two groups, the sarcopenic obesity group(n=10) and non-sarcopenic obesity group(n=10). The variables of body composition and cardiovascular fitness were measured in all the subjects before and after 12-week combined exercise. The findings of this study were as follows; In the sarcopenic obesity elderly women (SG), % body fat significantly decreased in the SG group, FFM and ASM significantly increased. In the chair stand test and arm curl test, SG group significantly increased. SG group significantly changed in chair sit-and-reach test, back scratch test, 2-minute step test. In the muscle protein synthesis related hormone(growth hormone and IGF-1), SG group significantly increased.