• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 2006

PURPOSE : The 3rd molar extraction of mandible is common in out-patient office of oral and maxillofacial surgery. And it is dynamic minor operation with changes of vital signs. most of patients are already sensitive about their dental treatment. The changes of emotion are reached to the highest level when patients is laid down to be treated on unit chair. It can be induced to undesirable accidents as to this fear. The undesirable complications are nausea, vomiting, hyperventilation, dyspnea, syncope, shock and so on. The severe changes of vital signs may influence their behavior and make serious medical malpractice or suit such as fracture of dental instruments and injury of proximal area. METHOD AND PATIENTS : A total of 99 selected normal patients were reviewed. Among this, 70 patients(43 men, 27 women with statistical significance) were included in this study. Each steps(pre-anesthesis, 5 minutes after anesthesis, just after mucogingival incision, just after tooth section, just after suture and gauze biting) were investigated for a change of a vital signs. It is analyzed to 2 categories,"Means" and "Tendency". The "Means" is the amount of vital signs changed in comparison with pre-step during operation. That means is the amount of vital changes by each step operation. Next, " Tendency" is changes of vital signs in comparison with step1 during operation. RESULT : This is the changing tendency of vital signs with time. That is active effect of fear and pain. Thus this "Means" and "Tendency" will present a sudden changes of vital signs and it can lead to more safe treatment. CONCLUSION : Thus, the purpose of this study is, through careful operation in each step, to less on patients' complication and increase trust between patient and OMFS. This study is a first article shown with the amount of "Means" and "Tendency" in vital signs, when a third molar of mandible is extracted. This study will be base study of patients with general diseases, because it selected only patients without general diseases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2004.03a
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• pp.48-54
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• 2004

The effects of injector spacing s and injector diameter d on mixing are numerically investigated in supersonic combustor with perpendicular injection behind a backward-facing step. Simulations are reported for airstream Mach number of 2.4. Parameters are changed on following 4 cases to investigate the effects of injector configuration on mixing efficiency $\eta_m$. In the case of varying d or s, dynamic pressure ratio $Rq(=(pu^2)_j/(pu^2)_a)$ is also varied to keep bulk equivalence ratio $\Phi({\oe})Rq.d^2/s)$ constant. (l) Injector spacing s is varied at constant $\Phi$=0.5, 1, 2 for injector diameter d=6mm. In the case of $\Phi$=1, $\eta_m$ has its maximum value at s=24mm. The reason is that increase of $\eta_m$. , by widening spacing at Rq=constant competes with decrease of $\eta_m$ by increasing Rq at s=constant. When spacing is narrow, the flow field of vicinity of injector becomes two-dimensional because adjacent jets interferes each other. By widening spacing, air is easily entrained by three-dimensional effect. This mechanism also appears in the case of $\Phi$=0.5, 2 for d=6mm, and $\eta_m$. reaches its maximum value at s=24mm for $\Phi$=0.5 and at s=42mm for $\Phi$=2. (2) In the case of injector diameter d varied at $\Phi$=1 for s=30mm, $\eta_m$. has its maximum value at d=3mm. The reason is that decrease of $\eta_m$ by increasing injector diameter competes with increase of $\eta_m$ by decreasing Rq at d=constant.(3) In the case of s varied at $\Phi$=0.5, 1,2 for d=3mm, the injector spacing at which mixing efficiency has its maximum value is s= 18mm for $\Phi$=0.5, s=24mm for $\Phi$=1, s=24mm for $\Phi$=2. Therefore it is found that d=3mm and s=24mm can be optimum configuration over a range of $\Phi$=0.5~2.(4) The effect of h on the optimum spacing is investigated. s is varied for d=6mm at step height h=4, 6, 8mm. The simulation results do not show significant change on the step height.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.165-172
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• 2014

Purpose: We evaluated the correlation of postoperative clinical outcomes and radiologic findings using computed tomography and simple X-ray in intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Materials and Methods: The current study is based on 41 feet, 38 patients with displaced intra-articular fracture who underwent surgical treatment with at least one year of follow-up. Evaluation of clinical outcome included American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and subjective satisfaction. A simple X-ray was used in evaluation of preoperative and postoperative Gissane angle, B${\ddot{O}}$hler angle, and calcaneal fracture width. Computed tomography scan was performed for evaluation of preoperative and postoperative articular step-off and articular gap in all cases. Finally, we evaluated the correlation of the postoperative clinical outcomes and radiologic findings based on the measurement. Results: The average postoperative AOFAS score and VAS score was $84.1{\pm}8.5$ and $2.2{\pm}2.2$. Subjective satisfaction was excellent in 15 cases, good in 19 cases, and fair in seven cases. The average B${\ddot{O}}$hler angle was restored from $11.1^{\circ}$ to $24.7^{\circ}$(p<0.05), Gissane angle was changed from $121.0^{\circ}$ to $119.0^{\circ}$ (p>0.05), and the average width was restored from 45.8 to 35.0 mm (p<0.05). The average articular step-off and gap were decreased from 6.3 to 2.0 mm and from 11.1 to 4.6 mm, respectively (p<0.05). No significant correlations were observed between the clinical outcome and Gissane angle, B${\ddot{O}}$hler angle, and width, and there was no significant correlation between the clinical outcome and Sanders classification. However, postoperative articular step-off showed correlation with VAS and AOFAS score and articular gap showed correlation with VAS score. Conclusion: The clinical outcome did not show correlation with B${\ddot{O}}$hler angle and Gissane angle but did show correlation with anatomical reduction of the posterior facet joint.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.28 no.4C
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• pp.365-373
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• 2003

In this paper, we design a versatle RS decoder which can decode RS codes of any block length n as well as any message length k, based on a modified Euclid's algorithm (MEA). This unique feature is favorable for a shortened RS code of any block length it eliminates the need to insert zeros before decoding a shortened RS code. Furthermore, the value of error correcting capability t can be changed in real time at every codeword block. Thus, when a return channel is available, the error correcting capability can be adaptiverly altered according to channel state. The decoder permits 4-step pipelined processing : (1) syndrome calculation (2) MEA block (3) error magnitude calculation (4) decoder failure check. Each step is designed to form a structure suitable for decoding a RS code with varying block length. A new architecture is proposed for a MEA block in step (2) and an architecture of outputting in reversed order is employed for a polynomial evaluation in step (3). To maintain to throughput rate with less circuitry, the MEA block uses not only a multiplexing and recursive technique but also an overclocking technique. The adaptive RS decoder over GF($2^8$) with the maximal error correcting capability of 10 has been designed in VHDL, and successfully synthesized in a FPGA.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.18
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• pp.47-72
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• 2009

This study explores mime elements of court Hagmu(鶴舞) in literature and what is expressed in the practice of current Hagmu and examines what has been changed while others are kept intact. The content of Hagmu is that "attracted by lotus flowers in a pond, cranes dance around and peck at them, when the blossoms open wide with a girl [dancer] inside, upon which the surprised cranes fly away." The dance consists of 4 steps: the first step is for the entrance of cranes; in the second step the cranes dance moving across jidang(池塘) and the north; in the third step the cranes are curious about the lotus calyces, yeontong(蓮筒); and the cranes withdraw in the fourth step. The literature suggests that the dancing courses on the stage are limited to the east, the west, the south, and the north. The movement is limited to naeson (內旋) only in mujin(舞進) and mutoe(舞退). Furthermore, the gaze is only allowed toward the north and jidang. Motions are limited to naejog(內足), oego (外顧), and naego(內顧). However, the mime elements of current Hagmu are attributed to the effort of translating crane's life into a realistic story. It relates the life of cranes to that of human beings and implies love in it. Finally, the court Hagmu has entered the real world out of the literature, enriched with new elements. Under the transition from literature to practice the diversity of expression is added while the elements related with court codes such as courses, movements, directions, and motions are kept intact. These limitations, however, are coupled with the sensitive 'love' and the exposure of dancing instruments intrigues audience and creates dramatic effect. In conclusion the significance of mime elements in court Hagmu is in enhancing communication with audience.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.147-155
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• 2016

This study presented a measure for turning by-products, released from land farming sites, into resources. The measure involved adding food by-products such as rice bran and nonfat soybean to the sludge, released from the eel farming sites, inoculating the lactic acid bacteria, Aspergillus oryzae, and Bacillus subtilis by step, fermenting them, and measuring the changed ingredients of the fermented fodder. The water content of the fermented fodder by the step of preparation was the first-step fermented product (14.6%) using the lactic acid bacteria, and the second and third-stage fermented product (33.0% and 34.0% respectively) using Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis. The pH level was found to be 5.38 in the first-step fermented product due to the secretion of lactic acid caused by the lactic acid bacteria, and the pH level of the second and third-stage fermented products was 5.66 and 7.26, respectively, showing that the pH level increased. The phytic acid content was 0.126g/100g in the first-step fermented product, 0.004g/100g in the second-stage fermented product, and 0.093g/100g in the third-stage fermented product. The measurement of nitrogen content revealed that the amino nitrogen content was high with 1226.37mg% in the second-stage fermented product, and a little lower with 710.18mg% in the third-stage fermented product. The ammonium nitrogen content increased from 0.988mg/kg in the first-stage fermented product to 1.502mg/kg in the third-stage fermented product. Total nitrogen content increased to 2.78% in the first-stage fermented product, 4.08% in the second-stage fermented product, and 4.85% in the third-stage fermented product. As fermentation continued with the three microbes, the phytic acid decreased, and the protein decomposition rate increased. Also, due to the 3 step fermentation, the low-molecule nitrogen ingredient content increased, suggesting that the fodder was developed to offer high digestion and absorption.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.637-642
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• 2010

Pre-treatment steps of fresh produce as Saengshik raw materials are followed by initial clean-up, dipping, primary washing, and cutting. Hypochlorous acid solution was applied in the dipping step to reduce natural microflora. Also, procedures were changed by cutting, dipping and then primary washing, and the efficacy of hypochlorus acid was evaluated. Potatoes, carrots, kales, and angelicas were submerged in water or 100 ppm of hypochlorous acid for 5 min. After initial clean-up, the aerobic plate counts of potatoes, carrots, kales and angelicas were 4.7, 5.3, 5.6, and 5.7 log CFU/g, respectively. When samples were submerged into water, it only reduced the population of natural microflora by 0.2 to 1.1 log CFU/g, whereas when treated with hypochlorous acid, it reduced the population by 0.5 to 2.8 log CFU/g. Reductions of natural microflora in green leafy vegetables were more highly achieved than bulbs such as potatoes and carrots. However, the numbers of natural microflora were increased after cutting step. To control the cross contamination at the cutting process, the process was changed as follows: initial clean-up, cutting, dipping in hypochlorous acid, and then primary washing. It showed effective reduction of the population by 2.3 to 3.2 log CFU/g. Hypochlorous acid solution could be useful as a sanitizer for surface washing of fresh vegetables.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.72-84
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• 2017

Together with the Big Data of the 4th Industrial Revolution, the traffic information system has been changed to an section detection system by the point detection system. With DTG(Digital Tachograph) data based on Global Navigation Satellite System, the properties of raw data and data according to processing step were examined. We identified the vehicle trajectory, the link travel time of individual vehicle, and the link average travel time which are generated according to the processing step. In this paper, we proposed a application method for traffic management as characteristics of processing data. We selected the historical data considering the data management status of the center and the availability at the present time. We proposed a method to generate the Travel Time Index with historical link average travel time which can be collected all the time with wide range. We propose a method to monitor the traffic congestion using the Travel Time Index, and analyze the case of intersections when the traffic operation method changed. At the same time, the current situation which makes it difficult to fully utilize DTG data are suggested as limitations.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.97-110
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of spacial structure from rural space to urban space and to examine the characteristic of spacial restructure, focusing on the Hwamyeong-Dong of Buk-gu in Busan. Hwamyeong-Dong has changed from rural area to urban area because of spacial expansion owing to industrialization and urbanization. The unique natural environment, rural village, etc. were disappeared and instead the apartment complex, commercial building, and so on were built. For this reason, historic and concrete place were vanished and so the spacial homogenization and uniformization were formed centering around apartment complex. But the singularity of Hwamyeong-Dong exposes in the way that unique history, custom and memory, trace of Hwamyeong-Dong preserved through the support and effort of the residents and that the Daechen stream changed to ecological stream. In addition, Hwamyeong-Dong altered heterogeneous, multi-layered urban space from homogeneous rural space in terms of the apartment supply sectors and scale, the distribution and kind of commercial facility, residents's composition. This has brought about the subdivision, hierarchization of the space as well as the residence, education, culture. Especially, Hwamyeong3-Dong that built to large scale apartment complex are significantly different from Hwamyeong2-Dong. Hwamyeong2-Dong is marginalizing step by step. However, It is found that the residents in Hwamyeong2-Dong are making an effort for liveable place with ecological residential community and educational cultural community as the center.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2017

PURPOSE. This study was to evaluate the effect of repeated ultrasonic scaling and surface polishing with intraoral polishing kits on the surface roughness of three different restorative materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 15 identical discs were fabricated with three different materials. The ultrasonic scaling was conducted for 20 seconds on the test surfaces. Subsequently, a multi-step polishing with recommended intraoral polishing kit was performed for 30 seconds. The 3D profiler and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate surface integrity before scaling (pristine), after scaling, and after surface polishing for each material. Non-parametric Friedman and Wilcoxon signed rank sum tests were employed to statistically evaluate surface roughness changes of the pristine, scaled, and polished specimens. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS. Surface roughness values before scaling (pristine), after scaling, and polishing of the metal alloys were $3.02{\pm}0.34{\mu}m$, $2.44{\pm}0.72{\mu}m$, and $3.49{\pm}0.72{\mu}m$, respectively. Surface roughness of lithium disilicate increased from $2.35{\pm}1.05{\mu}m$ (pristine) to $28.54{\pm}9.64{\mu}m$ (scaling), and further increased after polishing ($56.66{\pm}9.12{\mu}m$, P<.05). The zirconia showed the most increase in roughness after scaling (from $1.65{\pm}0.42{\mu}m$ to $101.37{\pm}18.75{\mu}m$), while its surface roughness decreased after polishing ($29.57{\pm}18.86{\mu}m$, P<.05). CONCLUSION. Ultrasonic scaling significantly changed the surface integrities of lithium disilicate and zirconia. Surface polishing with multi-step intraoral kit after repeated scaling was only effective for the zirconia, while it was not for lithium disilicate.