• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.459-462
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• 2009

'Fuyu' (Diospyros kaki L.) is an important sweet persimmon cultivar, and the fruits are often stored in a modified atmosphere after harvesting in South Korea. However, blossom-end browning and darkening of fruit often occur after harvest or during storage, which decreases fruit quality in the fresh fruit market. High fruit calcium concentration would reduce oxidation of phenolic compounds in the cytoplasm such oxidation is responsible for fruit browning. This study investigated the effects of soluble calcium fertilization and foliar application, and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) fertilization on fruit quality and browning. Trees received one of the following five treatments: 1) control (no calcium or IBA); 2) calcium fertilization (Ca FG, 2 mL per tree); 3) calcium foliar application (Ca FA, 2 mL); 4) calcium and IBA fertilization (Ca+IBA) 5) IBA fertilization (IBA, 2 mL. Fruit calcium concentration was highest in trees treated by Ca FA, and lowest in control trees. Generally, fruit calcium concentration was high in the stem end but low in the blossom end, which usually first develops fruit-browning symptoms. There were no apparent differences in fruit qualities such as firmness, soluble solid content, and weight among treatments. Fruit browning occurred at frequencies of about 14%, 20%, and 50% on Ca FA, Ca FG, and control trees, respectively. Therefore, the improved fruit calcium level seen when trees received Ca or IBA application tended to prevent fruit browning, which increased fruit quality and storage properties.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2019

As a result of analyzing the quality of imported grapes during the 2018 season, the hardness of the grape berry was found to be 10 N or less in total. In the case of Chilean grapes, the soluble solids tended to be lower as imports and distribution periods were delayed. The berry weight was the largest at 14.4 - 14.8 g for the 'Red Globe', 7.1 - 7.4 g for the 'Thompson Seedless' and 6.0 - 7.0 g for the 'Crimson Seedless'. The 'Crimson Seedless' grapes imported from Chile, which had a high berry shatter rate, had a shorter pedicel length, pad width and brush length than that of the other 2 varieties. Regardless of the grape varieties, the weight loss during the distribution at room temperature ($25^{\circ}C$) increased rapidly as the import season was delayed. Additionally, it was found that the later the distribution seasons, a higher stem browning index was observed regardless of the variety. The 'Thompson Seedless' was revealed to be more susceptible to browning than that of the other varieties. The shrinkage of the stem and the pedicel browning progressed within a short time during shelf-life as the distribution time was delayed. The incidence of berry decay of the imported grapes tended to increase with the progression of the distribution period. In the fruits distributed on April, except for the 'Crimson Seedless', the grapes were rapidly corrupted in the second half of the distribution. The 'Red Globe' grapes completely lost marketability due to a berry decay of 26.1% and 69.9% at 9 and 12 days after shelf-life, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.415-424
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• 2020

This study investigated the effects of an ethylene scrubber (ES) with a micro-perforated polypropylene (MP-PP, 30 ㎛) or a high density polyethylene (MP-HDPE, 30 ㎛) film liner for the export carton packaging box in 'Campbell Early' grapes. Rachis browning was highest in the untreated group, followed by MP-PP and MP-HDPE for 14 days of simulated marketing at 20℃. The combination treatment of ES with the film liners showed a partial inhibition of the rachis browning regardless of the film liners. The effects of an alcohol releaser (AR) sachet or chlorine dioxide (CD) diffuser co-packaging were also investigated in the 'Campbell Early' grapes packed with the MP-HDPE (40 × 99 pin hole·m^-2) film liner. The CD 1 g treatment showed a very limited weight loss of 1.1%, which was significantly lower than the 4.7% of the untreated control after 14 days of simulation marketing at 20℃. The berry shatter was 0.7% for the MP-HDPE + CD 1 g treatment and 1.8% for the MP-HDPE + CD 5 g treatment on the 10th day of the simulated marketing, which was significantly lower than the 8.9% of the control. The stem browning was significant suppressed until the 10th day of the simulated marketing. In particular, the CD 1 g treatment in combination with the MP-HDPE showed a low rachis and pedicel browning index of 2.0, which is 50% and 40% lower than that of the untreated control and the MP-HDPE single treatment, respectively. In addition, the CD 1 g treatment group showed a higher decay reduction effect than the CD 5 g treatment group, which caused high concentration damage.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.36-38
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• 2003

Stem blight of brunfelsia (Brunfelsia calycina) caused by Fusarium oxysporum was found in greenhouse around Sungnam area, Kyunggi province, Korea in September 2001. The initial infection appeared as a slight wilting of the foliage, turned yellow from the lower leaves. The yellowing leaves were falled, resulting in blight of stem and eventual death of the entire plant. The vascular tissue of a diseased plants became dark brown and browning of the vascular system was a characteristic of the disease and the pith remained healthy, Isolates obtained from the lesions of the diseased plant were identified as F. oxysporum, based on the morphological characteristics of conidia. Symptom by artificial inoculation was same to the symptom of naturally infected plants. This is the first report demonstrating the stem blight on a brunfelsia caused by F. oxysporum in Korea, and we proposed to name this disease "stem blight of brunfelsia".

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 2013

Pleurotus eryngii is one of the main export items in Korean mushroom industry. Whole mushrooms were packed with 30 um polypropylene anti-fog film without trimming. The range of package weight and oxygen permeability of film were 400 g and 2000 $c/m^2$, 24 h,atm, respectively. The anti-browning treatments were sprayed by 0.5%(w/w) solution of Sporix Sporix(Sodium polyphosphate and $ClO_2$ gas The weight loss ratio was increased with increasing shelf period and temperature. There were no big differences in weight loss ratio according to browning inhibitors. In case of $ClO_2$ treatment, the hardness and lightness of stem was showed higher than other treatment for shelf period. As results of freshness, the optimum browning inhibitor of P. eryngii was $ClO_2$ treatment and the shelf life was extended 36days at $10{\sim}15^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.195-198
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• 1975

Boron deficiency appeared as a cause of poor growth of sunflower(Helianthus annuus) according to soil and plant analysis. The investigated results are as follows; 1. Boron deficiency was due to low content of available boron (hot water soluble) in soil and clitical concentration appeared as 0.17 ppm. 2. Clitical concentrations in plant appeared to be 20 ppm for head(flower), 25 for leaf, 15 for stem and 10 for root. Boron concentration among positional leaves was greatly decreasing in the upper leaves. 3. Soils low in boron were relatively higher in calcium, silica and pH than in normal soil but relationship between boron and organic matter or other nutrients was uncertain. 4. The content of Ca and P is high in the head of boron deficient plant but low in root. Plants deficient in boron also showed a tendency of high N and low K but no clear tendency was shown in Mg and Fe. 5. Symptoms of boron deficinicy were yellowing of upper leaves, browning and drying of upper part of stem, cracking and blackening of stem and roots resulting short stem and poor growth.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.319-329
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• 2022

In July 2020, wilting symptoms were observed among adzuki bean plants (Vigna angularis var. angularis L.) in the fields in Yeosu, Korea. Infected plants showed yellowing of leaves, browning inside the stems, splitting of stem bark, and wilting. When these plants were uprooted, their roots were found to be brown. The fungal pathogens NC20-737, NC20-738, and NC20-739 were isolated from symptomatic stem and root tissues. These pathogens were identified as a Fusarium fujikuroi species complex based on their morphological characteristics. Molecular identification was performed using the DNA sequence of translation elongation factor 1 alpha and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit regions. The nucleotide sequences of all three isolates were similar to the F. fujikuroi reference isolates NRRL 13566 and NRRL 5538 of the National Centre for Biotechnology Information GenBank. A pathogenicity test was conducted by the soil inoculation method with cornmeal sand inoculum. Approximately 3 weeks after inoculation, symptoms were observed only in the inoculated adzuki bean seedlings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium root rot caused by F. fujikuroi in adzuki beans, both in Korea and worldwide.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.394-401
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• 2020

As embryonic stem cells become pluripotent, they may cause tumor development when injected into a host. Therefore, researchers are focusing heavily on the therapeutic potential of tissue-specific stem cells (adult stem cells) without resultant tumor formation. Adult stem cells can proliferate for a limited number of generations and are restricted to certain cell types (multipotent). Mature tissue cell types in mammals cannot be intrinsically dedifferentiated or transdifferentiated to adult stem cells. Hence, the technology of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for reprogramming adult somatic cells was introduced in 2006, ushering in a new era in adult stem cell research. Although iPSCs have been widely used in the field, the approach has several limitations: instability of the reprogramming process, risk of incomplete reprogramming, and exposure to transgenes integrated into the cell genome. Two years before the introduction of the iPSC technique, the synthetic small molecule 2,6-disubstituted purine, called reversine, was introduced. Reversine can induce the dedifferentiation of committed cells into multipotent progenitor-type cells by reprogramming and converting adult cells to other cell types under appropriate stimuli. Thus, it can be used as a chemically induced multipotent cell agent to overcome the limitations of iPSCs. Also, as an alternative therapeutic approach for treating obesity, it can be used to generate beige cells by browning white adipocytes. While reversine has the potential to act as an anti-cancer agent, this review focuses on its role in differentiation, dedifferentiation, and transdifferentiation in somatic cells.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Fusarium culmorum is one of the most important causal agents of root rot of wheat. In this study, 10 F. culmorum isolates were collected from farms located in five agro-ecological regions of Morocco. These were used to challenge 20 durum wheat genotypes via artificial inoculation of plant roots under controlled conditions. The isolate virulence was determined by three traits (roots browning index, stem browning index, and severity of root rot). An alpha-lattice design with three replicates was used, and the resulting ANOVA revealed a significant (P < 0.01) effect of isolate (I), genotype (G), and G × I interaction. A total of four response types were observed (R, MR, MS, and S) revealing that different genes in both the pathogen and the host were activated in 53% of interactions. Most genotypes were susceptible to eight or more isolates, while the Moroccan cultivar Marouan was reported resistant to three isolates and moderately resistant to three others. Similarly, the Australian breeding line SSD1479-117 was reported resistant to two isolates and moderately resistant to four others. The ICARDA elites Icaverve, Berghisyr, Berghisyr2, Amina, and Icaverve2 were identified as moderately resistant. Principal component analysis based on the genotypes responses defined two major clusters and two sub-clusters for the 10 F. culmorum isolates. Isolate Fc9 collected in Khemis Zemamra was the most virulent while isolate Fc3 collected in Haj-Kaddour was the least virulent. This work provides initial results for the discovery of differential reactions between the durum lines and isolates and the identification of novel sources of resistance.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.479-497
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) can protect against obesity and obesity-related metabolic conditions. Cryptotanshinone (CT) regulates lipid metabolism and significantly ameliorates insulin resistance. Adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a receptor for cellular energy metabolism, is believed to regulate brown fat activity in humans. MATERIALS/METHODS: The in vivo study included high-fat-fed obese mice administered orally 200/400 mg/kg/d CT. They were evaluated through weight measurement, the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT), cold stimulation test, serum lipid (total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein) measurement, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the in vitro study investigated primary adipose mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with incubation of CT and AMPK agonists (acadesine)/inhibitor (Compound C). Cells were evaluated using Oil Red O staining, Alizarin red staining, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining to identify and observe the osteogenic versus adipogenic differentiation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and the Western blot were used to observe related gene expression. RESULTS: In the diet-induced obesity mouse model mice CT suppressed body weight, food intake, glucose levels in the IPGTT and IPTT, serum lipids, the volume of adipose tissue, and increased thermogenesis, uncoupling protein 1, and the AMPK pathway expression. In the in vitro study, CT prevented the formation of lipid droplets from MSCs while activating brown genes and the AMPK pathway. AMPK activator enhanced CT's effects, while the AMPK inhibitor reversed the effects of CT. CONCLUSION: CT promotes adipose tissue browning to increase body thermogenesis and reduce obesity by activating the AMPK pathway. This study provides an experimental foundation for the use of CT in obesity treatment.