• Plant Resources
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2004

Root chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativus) is potential alternative medicinal and sugar crop which accumulates a high amount of linear polyfructan, inulin in its roots. A problem in root production is that over-wintered stock plants often flower. Once the plant becomes reproductive, stem elongation and root growth slows and floral buds arise from every node, rendering the plants useless for propagation. The objectives of this research was to examine the effectiveness of manipulating environmental factors containing photoperiod, temperature and number of leaf states. The experiment was performed in growth chamber to create two photoperiods (8 h, and 16 h) with three temperature regimes (5$^{\circ}C$/3$^{\circ}C$, 1$0^{\circ}C$/8$^{\circ}C$ and 15$^{\circ}C$/13$^{\circ}C$ day/night temperature) for a total of six treatments on three type of true-leaf stage of plant. Data of bolting rate, shoot and root length, shoot and fresh weight was invetigated in each treatments. This is the first report on changes in bolting rate and shoots and roots production during a whole growing season and differences in the effect of cold and photoperiod treatment depending on the true-leaf stage of plant.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 1982

Ginsenosides in epidermis·cortex(EC) and xylem-pith(XP) of main body of Panax ginseng(var. atropurpureacaulo) root were investigated in relation to dark purple area on stem. Pattern of ginsenosides, ratio of protopanaxatriol(PT) to diol(PD) and total ginsenoside content were significantly different between EC ana XP, and not related with stem color. The increasing trend of total ginsenosides with decreasing in purple area on stem needs to be tested with greater sample size. The order of ginsenoside content was $Rb_1>Rg_1>Re>Rc>Rg_2>Rb_2>Rf>Rd$ for EC, $Rg_1>Rb_1>Rg_2>Re>Rb_2>Rc>Rf>Rd$ for XP. PT/PD was 1.08 for EC,1.95 for XP. Since total ginsenoside content was 3 times higher in EC than in XP and weight of two parts was almost same, the content of ginsenosides of main body mostly depends on those of EC.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 1998

An investigation was conducted to ascertain the basic information on characteristics of growth and morphological characters among the Korean (Panax. ginseng), the American (Panax. quinquefolium) and the Bamboo (Panax. japonicus) ginseng. In aerial parts growth of the ginseng species by age, The Korean ginseng and American ginseng's stem and leaf growth was alike in 2-4 years old, but growth cycle changed in 6 years old. The Korean ginseng was more vigorous than the American ginseng. The Korean ginseng roots were highly observed in ratio of red skin roots among three species, whereas The American ginseng roots were highly infected by root rot. It seems to be variable depending on growing stage and species. The Korean ginseng flowered about the middle of May, the American ginseng early June, and the Bamboo ginseng was late of May, The berry color of the ginseng species was observed, The Korean and American ginseng's mature berry color was red, The Bamboo ginseng's berry was three type of color and shape. In root characteristics of the seedling, Korean (p. ginseng), American (p. quinquefolium) ginseng's root shape was similarity in type, the bamboo ginseng showed different type, which root length and root weight was smaller than those of ginseng. In morphological characters of Leaf surface, pollen, and stoma, the Korean ginseng and American ginseng had crystal rosette on epidermis cell, but the Bamboo ginseng didn't has crystal rosette. Pollen shape observed tricolpate pollen and size was media type among the ginseng species, and also guard cell was anomocytic type, which were observed by scanning electronic microscope.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 2009

In general, the root color of Codonopsis lanceolata is white, but red or blue-colored root is found at a low frequency in nature. Red or blue-colored roots have scarcity value, thus farmers wish to produce colored roots. The factors for determining the color of roots are unclear whether the color is controlled by genetically or simply by environmentally such as soil environment. Using in vitro culture system which is advantageous for setting of the same culture condition, we analyzed the physiological and morphological characteristics and genetic differences among red-, blue- and white lines of C. lanceolata. In the red colored roots, stems of in vitro cultured plantlet were colored in dark red pigment. Histological analysis revealed that the red pigment was accumulated in the outer cortex layer of the stem and determined as anthocyanin. Chlorophyll contents in red root lines were higher than those in white- and blue root lines. Plantlets from red roots were smaller in both shoot length and total leaf area than those from white- and blue roots. Genetic differences among the three different colored C. lanceolata were determined by RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) analysis. Each line of colored roots had clear DNA polymorphism. These results indicate that the occurrence of red- and blue colored roots in nature was determined by genetic factors rather than soil enviromental conditions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.220-228
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• 2024

Background: Panax ginseng, one of the valuable perennial medicinal plants, stores numerous pharmacological substrates in its storage roots. Given its perennial growth habit, organ regeneration occurs each year, and cambium stem cell activity is necessary for secondary growth and storage root formation. Cytokinin (CK) is a phytohormone involved in the maintenance of meristematic cells for the development of storage organs; however, its physiological role in storage-root secondary growth remains unknown. Methods: Exogenous CK was repeatedly applied to P. ginseng, and morphological and histological changes were observed. RNA-seq analysis was used to elucidate the transcriptional network of CK that regulates P. ginseng growth and development. The HISTIDINE KINASE 3 (PgHK3) and RESPONSE REGULATOR 2 (PgRR2) genes were cloned in P. ginseng and functionally analyzed in Arabidopsis as a two-component system involved in CK signaling. Results: Phenotypic and histological analyses showed that CK increased cambium activity and dormant axillary bud formation in P. ginseng, thus promoting storage-root secondary growth and bud formation. The evolutionarily conserved two-component signaling pathways in P. ginseng were sufficient to restore CK signaling in the Arabidopsis ahk2/3 double mutant and rescue its growth defects. Finally, RNA-seq analysis of CK-treated P. ginseng roots revealed that plant-type cell wall biogenesis-related genes are tightly connected with mitotic cell division, cytokinesis, and auxin signaling to regulate CK-mediated P. ginseng development. Conclusion: Overall, we identified the CK signaling-related two-component systems and their physiological role in P. ginseng. This scientific information has the potential to significantly improve the field-cultivation and biotechnology-based breeding of ginseng.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.157-157
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• 2017

In last study, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) was conducted for cadmium content of 295 rice varieties including 137 rice core set and 157 Korea breeding varieties collected from Kongju National University. The results showed that 9 varieties had SNP allele and amino acid substitution in exon of chromosome 1. This study was aim to understanding mechanism of cadmium uptake to confirm correlation of cadmium and other mineral nutrients (Cu, Mn, Fe) among 9 rice varieties. Nine varieties were planted on polluted soil of mine in Korea and cadmium content in root, stem, leaf and it's brown rice was analyzed by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass spectrometer, Agilent 7700E, US). Results of this study showed that mechanism for cadmium uptake and accumulation was diversity among varieties. Chin-nong and Ho-nong contained higher levels of cadmium in root, but contained relatively lower levels cadmium in brown rice than other varieties. Cheong-nam, Nam-pyeong, Gan-cheok, Suan absorbed high levels of cadmium through root and then accumulated high cadmium to brown rice. Meanwhile, Yeong-deok and Su-kwang absorbed lower cadmium in root, but high cadmium was accumulated in brown rice. Correlations between cadmium and other mineral nutrients (Cu, Mn, Fe) were analyzed by using SPSS statistics 20. The contents of iron in leaf had minus correlation (p<0.05) with cooper and cadmium in root, cadmium in brown rice. Therefore understanding of cadmium uptake mechanism among varieties will be used to basic data for further breeding and phytoremediation.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.223-225
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• 2007

Many plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have been known for beneficial effects on plants including biological control of soilborne pathogens, induced systemic resistance to plant pathogens, phytohormone production, and improvement of nutrient and water uptake of plants. We developed a simple and rapid method for screening potential PGPR, especially phytohormone producing rhizobacteria, or for analyzing their functions in plant growth using cucumber seedling cuttings. Surface-sterilized cucumber seeds were grown in a plastic pot containing steamed vermiculite. After 7 days of cultivation, the upper part 2 cm in length of cucumber seedling, was cut and used as cucumber cuttings. The base of cutting stem was then dipped in a microcentrifuge tube containing 1.5ml of a bacterial suspension and incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ with a fluorescent light for 10 days. Number and length of developed adventitious roots from cucumber cuttings were examined. The seedling cuttings showed various responses to the isolates tested. Some isolates resulted in withering at the day of examination or in reduced number of roots developed. Several isolates stimulated initial development of adventitious roots showing more adventitious root hair number than that of untreated cuttings, while some isolate had more adventitious root hair number and longer adventitious roots than that of untreated control. Similar results were obtained from the trial with rose cuttings. Our results suggest that this bioassay method may provide a useful way for differentiating PGPR's functions involved in the development of root system.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.137-142
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• 1997

In order to elucidate the optimum medium on the growth and tropane alkaloid production of hairy root, hairy root were induced by inoculating leaf and stem of Datura stramonium var. tatula Torr. with Agrobacterium spp. Both Agrobacterium tumefaciens $\textrm{A}_{4}$ T and A, rhizogenes ATCC 15834 among tested strains were effective on hairy root formation. Among 23 clones selected in SH (Schenk and Hildebrandt, 1972) liquid medium, DTLA9 clone was shown fast growth of hairy root and DTLE6 clone was shown high level production of tropane alkaloids. When both DTLA9 and DTLE6 clones were cultured in the GD (Gresshoff and Doy, 1972) medium, alkaloid production was higher than in 8 tested media. It was elucidated that optimum medium for root proliferation and for tropane alkaloid production is SH, GD medium, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2018

Soil characteristics along with various container lengths have an important role in the early survival rate and growth of seedlings by influencing the seedling quality. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of container length and different soil mixtures on the growth of poplar in a greenhouse. Two types of soil, homogeneous vs. heterogeneous, were used along with two container lengths (30 vs. 60 cm). The heterogeneous soil was made by dividing 50% vermiculite from a mixture of 25% vermicompost and 25% nursery soil in volume. For the homogeneous soil, the above three soil types were mixed together. Populus euramericana clone cuttings were planted in late April, and then, the growth height, root collar diameter (RCD) and biomass were measured in August. The height of the poplar was not significantly affected by container length and soil type, but the RCD was significantly affected by soil type. Leaf and root biomass was higher at the long container than at the short container for both soil treatments, but stem biomass was lower at the heterogeneous soil than at the homogeneous soil treatment. Root to shoot biomass ratio was higher at the heterogeneous soil treatment than at the homogeneous soil treatment by 12%. In conclusion, heterogeneous soil along with a long container is suitable to increase the carbon allocation into the root.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2020

Background: Neuropathic pain (NP) is considered a clinically incurable condition despite various treatment options due to its diverse causes and complicated disease mechanisms. Since the early 2000s, multipotent human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been used in the treatment of NP in animal models. However, the effects of hMSC injections have not been studied in chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP) mice models. Here, we investigated whether intrathecal (IT) and intrapaw (IP) injections of hMSCs can reduce mechanical allodynia in CPIP model mice. Methods: Seventeen CPIP C57/BL6 mice were selected and randomized into four groups: IT sham (n = 4), IT stem (n = 5), IP sham (n = 4), and IP stem (n = 4). Mice in the IT sham and IT stem groups received an injection of 5 μL saline and 2 × 10⁴ hMSCs, respectively, while mice in the IP sham and IP stem groups received an injection of 5 μL saline and 2 × 10⁵ hMSCs, respectively. Mechanical allodynia was assessed using von Frey filaments from pre-injection to 30 days post-injection. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia were also evaluated. Results: IT and IP injections of hMSCs improved mechanical allodynia. GFAP expression was decreased on day 25 post-injection compared with the sham group. Injections of hMSCs improved allodynia and GFAP expression was decreased compared with the sham group. Conclusions: These results suggested that hMSCs may be also another treatment modality in NP model by ischemia-reperfusion.