• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.45-45
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• 2019

This experiment was carried out using artificial clay and LED in the plastic film house (irradiation time: 08:00~18:00/day). Seedlings (n = 63 per $3.3m^2$) of ginseng was planted on May 17, 2018. LED was combined with red and blue light in a 3:1 ratio and irradiated with different light intensity. The average air temperature from April to September was $12.3^{\circ}C$ $-26.0^{\circ}C$ and it was the the highest at $26.0^{\circ}C$ in August. The test area where fluorescent lamp was irradiated tended to be somewhat higher than the LED irradiation area. The chemical properties of the test soil are as follows. pH levels was 5.3~5.5, EC levels 0.45~0.52 dS/m and OM levels 33~37%. The total nitrogen content was 0.35~0.47% and the available $P_2O_5$ contents was 13.7~16.0 mg/kg, which was lower than the suitable level of 70~200 mg/kg. Exchangeable cations K and Mg contents were within acceptable ranges, but the Ca contents was $28{\sim}38cmol^+/kg$ levels higher than the permissible level ($2{\sim}6cmol^+/kg$). Germination of ginseng leaves took 8~9 days and the overall germination rate was 70~75%. The photometric characteristics of LED light intensity are as follows. The greater the light intensity, the higher the PAR (Photosynthetic Action Radiation) value, illuminance and solar irradiation. Photosynthetic rate was also increased with higher light intensity was investigated at $1.7{\sim}3.2{\mu}mol\;CO_2/m^2/s$. Leaf temperature ($23.7{\sim}24.8^{\circ}C$) by light intensity was the same trend. The growth of aerial parts (plant height etc.) were generally excellent when irradiated with 3 times the light intensity, the growth of the ginseng aerial parts were excellent as follows. The plant height was 42.6 cm, stem length was 25.2 cm, leaf length was 9.6 cm and stem diameter was 5.0 mm. The growth of underground part (root length etc.) was the same, and the root length was 24.4 cm, the tap root length was 6.0 cm, diameter of taproot was 18.2 mm and the fresh root weight was 17.2 g. There were no disease incidence such as Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Anthracnose. Disease of Damping off occurred 2.2~3.6% and incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 14.6~20.7%. Leaf discoloration rate was 13.7~48.9% and increased with increasing light intensity. Ginsenoside content of ginseng by light intensity is under analysis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 2011

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of pinching time on growth and quality of Glycyrrhiza uralensis soil cultured in Chungbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Service from 2008 to 2009. The treated pinching time were given as the June 30, July 30, August 30, and non-pinching (control). The amounts of pinching were 20% of stem length each plant. The obtained results from this study were summarized as follows; The plant height and number of branches were higher in control than pinching treatments. The stem and leaf weight were increase with early pinching. The plant height and stem diameter were not affected by pinching time. There was no regular trends in runner growth. We found that pinching was induced root growth, and early pinching was accelerated root growth. The root yield was increased in JUN and JUL pinching treatments as 11-30% in 2 years plants and 6-11% in 3 years plants compared to control as 238 kg/10a and 432 kg/10a, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1110-1114
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• 2002

Antimutagenic effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim. on the mutagenicity induced by 2-AF and Trp-P-1 was studied using the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. In S. typhimurium TA98, the methanol extract $(500\;{\mu}g/plate)$ of root, stem, and leaf of E. senticosus showed inhibitory effects of 72.8, 70.0, and 78.7% on the mutagenicity induced by 2-AF, and 69.2, 64.9, and 59.4% by Trp-P-1, respectively, whereas none was observed in S. typhimurium TA100. These results suggest that the methanol extract of E. senticosus inhibits a frame shift mutation. And then the methanol extract further fractionated by chloroform, butanol, and water. The chloroform fractions of root, stem, and leaf showed strong antimutagenic effects induced by 2-AF and Trp-P-1 in S. typhimurium TA98, whereas none was observed in the butanol and aqueous fractions. The chloroform fractions of root, stem, and leaf showed antimutagenic effects of $13{\sim]92%$ in a dose-dependent manner.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.453-461
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• 2007

Drynariae Rhizoma has been used for promotes mending of the sinews and bone, tonifies the kidney for such symptoms as weak low back and knees, and stimulates the growth of hair as a tinctute for alopecia in oriental medicine. This experiment examined the effect of an acetone extracts of Drynariae Rhizomas(GSB-1), its EtoAc fraction(GB-2) and n-buOH fraction(GSB-3), on hair growth activity of the C57BL/6L mice after topical application to skin. First, We examined on hair growth activity of extracts of Drynariae Rhizomas compare to control and 1 % minoxidil groups. Second, We investigated on the number of hair follicle and mast cells after topical application of extracts of the Drynariae Rhizomas to skin for 16 day. Third, We investigated immunoreactive density of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), protein kinase C-${\alpha}$(PKC-${\alpha}$) and stem(mast) cell factor(SCF) in skin of C57BL/6N mice by immunohistochemical methods. The results were as follows : Hair growth effect of acetone extracts of Drynariae Rhizomas, its EtoAc fraction and n-BuOH fraction was observed in 98 %, 96 % and 60 % in hair removed skin area in 16 day respectively, Immunoreactive density of VEGF in skin of GSB-1 group was weakly stained compare to control group in 10 day, But GSB-2 and GSB-3 groups were mildy stained in bulge and root sheath of skin. Immunolocalization of SCF antigens was observed weakly stained density in epidermis, bulge, stem cells and dermal papilla of control gruop. but in experimental group, immunoreactivity of SCF antigens was observed mildly stained density in bulge, epidermis and root sheath of GSB-1 gruop, heavily stained density in epidermis, bulge and root sheath of GSB-2 and GSB-3 groups to the hair removal skin of C57BL/6N mice on day 10. These experiment suggest that acetone extracts of Drynariae Rhizomas and its EtoAc fraction may be used for topical treatment of alopecia areata.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2009

To obtain the information on antioxidant activity by harvesting parts and time in Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau, total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) like activity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging activity of methanol extracts from Cudrania tricuspidata were investigated. Total phenolic contents was the highest in leaf [$30.2{\sim}38.8\;mg/g$ dry weight (DW)] and followed by root bark, stem bark, fruit, root except bark and stem except bark. Among harvesting time, total phenolic contents of leaf was the highest as $38.1{\sim}38.8\;mg/g$ DW in May and June, and then decreased to October. Root bark harvested in April and May contained $26.6{\sim}27.8\;mg/g$ DW total phenolic compounds and total phenolic content fell to a very low values at 1.8 mg/g DW in February. Flavonoid contents was very high in leaf and root bark. Especially, root bark harvested in April had the highest of flavonoid contents as 23.2 mg/g DW. As a result of simple linear regression analysis of total phenolic contents on flavonoid contents according to harvesting parts, it showed a high correlation (p < 0.001) with $0.57{\sim}0.97\;R^2$ (coefficient of determination). As $RC_{50}$ value, that was, the concentration of sample required for 50% reduction of DPPH absorbance, was $13.7{\sim}20.5\;{\mu}g/mL$ in leaf so DPPH radical scavenging activity was very high. But SOD like activity of $1,000\;{\mu}g$ extract/mL MeOH was a low value of $0.3{\sim}9.2%$ in all samples.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2020

This study was carried out to potentially improve the quality of traditional Korean fermented liquor using different concentrations of the root, stem, and fruit of Acanthopanax chiisanensis to simultaneously develop this local product and promote its consumption. The fermented liquor used for this study was matured at 5~10℃ for a period of 60 days, and its pH was in the range of 3.6±0.3~3.9 in thReduction of the liquor's sugar content decreased slightly while total acids increased slowly during the maturation. The organic acids in order of prevalence measured in the A. chiisanensis liquor were lactic, formic, malic, tartaric, and acetic, and free sugars such as sucrose, glucose, and mannose were detected, glucose content being highest across all the test groups. The total free amino acids in liquors with 10% root, stem, or fruit were 1,858.9, 2,855.1 and 2,672.2 mg/l, respectively. In examining the saturation of the matured liquor, that which had been fermented using the root and stem showed similar L, a and b values and was of comparable color. The fruit liquor was very red, with a low L value and high a value. The results obtained in this study are a meaningful contribution to local product development and promotion of their consumption.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.1239-1247
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• 2020

Sedum kamtschaticum Fisch., a native plant of Korea, has been used in Korean traditional medicine in the form of water extract for its capacity to improve blood circulation and for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Since previous research suggests that S. kamtschaticum Fisch. has excellent antioxidant and mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activities, in this study, the root and stem parts of S. kamtschaticum Fisch. are extracted in 70% ethanol (SKS, SKR), fractionated with and in order of n-hexane (SSH), ethyl acetate (SSE, SRE), chloroform (SSC, SRC) and water (SSW, SRW) according to the polarity of each solvent, and tested for its applicability as a cosmetic material. According to the total polyphenol, flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity of each fraction, the contents and scavenging activity of the root extractions (SKR) were higher than those of the stem extractions (SKS), ethyl acetate fractions (SSE, SRE) being the most effective. In addition, ethyl acetate fractions had the highest tyrosinase inhibition activity and melanin synthesis inhibition activity used on B16F10 melanoma cells, at the concentration of 10 ㎍/mL. HPLC analysis detected a variety of polyphenols including gallic acid and quercetin. This study suggests the potential role of S. kamtschaticum Fisch. as a natural cosmeceutical material.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2019

Revision work on the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds was undertaken in 2007 and presently, revisions for most food groups have been completed. For vegetables, the work was conducted during 2014-2017, and the final draft revision was adopted by the $40^{th}$ Codex Alimentarius Commission (2017). Here, the revised classification of vegetable commodities is introduced in order to be utilized in various food-related fields, in particular, food safety regulation. The revised classification is briefly summarized as follows: Codex classified vegetables into 10 groups (Group 009-018): bulb vegetables (Group 009), Brassica vegetables (except Brassica leafy vegetables) (Group 010), fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits (Group 011), fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits (Group 012), leafy vegetables (including Brassica leafy vegetables) (Group 013), legume vegetables (Group 014), pulses (Group 015), root and tuber vegetables (Group 016), stalk and stem vegetables (Group 017) and edible fungi (Group 018). The groups are further divided into a total of 33 subgroups. In the Classification, 430 different commodity codes are assigned to vegetable commodities. Meanwhile, Korea's Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) does not include potatoes, beans and mushrooms within a vegetable group. In addition, the MFDS divides one vegetable group into six subgroups including flowerhead Brassicas, leafy vegetables, stalk and stem vegetables, root and tuber vegetables, fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits, and fruiting vegetables other than Cucurbits. Therefore, care is needed in using the Codex Classification.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.18-22
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• 2002

Diseases occurrence of hydroponic culture was less than that of soil culture, especially gummy stem blight, which was 39.9-53.3% of infection rate at soil culture, was not almost observed at hydroponic culture. Development of fermented fruit was higher at Shintozoa, Hongtozoa and self-rooting seedling in order at soil cultured but critically dropped at hydroponic culture without rootstock sort. Therefore proper moisture management at root zone can decrease the development of fermented fruit.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 1987

The regression line was used to predict ginseng root yield from characters of aerial parts, stem diameter, leaf length and width, and degrees of missing plants per unit area. The rates of fitness of predicted yield on practical yield investigated in field were high. Especially, theoretical yield calculated by the size of stem diameter was a good fit. Therefore, a line regression appeared to be a satisfactory fit.