• 유변학
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.234-246
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• 1998

본 연구의 목적은 고분자 농후용액의 정상유동특성(비선형 거동)과 소진폭 전단변형하에서의 동적 점탄성(선형 거동) 간에 존재하는 상관관계를 파악함에 있다. 이를 위해 Advanced Rheometric Expansion System(ARES)과 Rheometrics Fluids Spectrometer (RFS II)를 사용하여 폴리에틸렌 옥사이드, 폴리이소부틸렌 및 폴리아크릴 아마이드 농후용액의 정상류점도 및 동적 선형 점탄성을 광범위한 전단속도와 각주파수 영역에서 측정하였다. 이들 측정결과로부터 정상류점도와 동적점도 또는 동적 유동성간의 상관관계를 제시한 몇 가지 관계식의 적용성을 비교.검토하였다. 그리고 정상류점도와 복소점도의 절대치를 비교하여 양자간의 등가관계를 나타내는 Cox-Merz 법칙의 적용성에 대한 농도의 영향을 실험적으로 검증하였다. 나아가서 대변형하에서의 비선형성의 정도를 나타내는 비선형 스트레인 척도의 개념을 도입하여 Cox-Merz 법칙의 적용성에 미치는 영향을 이론적 관점에서 고찰하였다. 이상의 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 정상류점도의 전단속도 의존성과 동적 점탄성의 각주파수 의존성간에 제시된 여러 관계식들 중에서 정상류점도와 복소점도 절대치간의 등가관계를 나타내는 Cox-Merz법칙이 가장 우수한 적용성을 갖는다. (2) 높은 전단속도 또는 각주파수 영역에서는 정상류점도와 복소점도의 관계가 용액 농도에 따라 서로 상이하게 나타난다. 즉 낮은 농도의 용액에서는 정상류점도가 복소점도에 비해 다소 큰 값을 나타내며, 농도가 증가할수록 이러한 경향은 역전되어 높은 농도의 용액에서는 복소점도가 정상류점도에 비해 큰 값을 갖는다. (3) 비선형 스트레인 척도는 작은 크기의 변형량에서는 직선적으로 증가하다가 점차적으로 그 증가율이 감소하여 최대치에 도달한 후 그 이상의 변형량 영역에서는 변형량이 증가함에 따라 점차 감소하는 거동을 나타낸다. 이러한 거동은 스트레인 증가에 따라 진폭이 점차로 감소하는 감쇠진동함수의 형태를 갖는 이론적 예측과는 상당한 차이를 나타낸다. (4) 대변형하에서 비선형 스트레인 척도의 기울기 (고분자 용액의 비선형성의 정도)는 Cox-Merz 법칙의 적용성에 영향을 미치며, 이 값이 감소할수록 Cox-Merz 법칙은 더욱 잘 성립한다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.45-49
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• 2013

This study was carried out to determine a possibility of adding Corni fructus extract (CFE) into yogurt for improving the neutraceutical properties of yogurt and the effects of adding CFE (2~6%, v/v) on the physicochemical and sensory properties of the products during a 15-day storage period at $4^{\circ}C$. Incorporation of CFE into the yogurt samples resulted in a significant pH reduction and a significant increase in titratable acidity. When evaluating the color of the yogurt, the $L^*$-values were not significantly influenced by CFE supplementation; however, the $a^*$- and $b^*$-values significantly increased with the addition of CFE during storage. The power law and Casson models were applied to assess the flow behavior of CFE-added yogurt samples. The magnitudes of apparent viscosity (${\eta}_{a,100}$), consistency index (K), and yield stress (${\sigma}_{oc}$) for 4~6% CFE yogurt samples were significantly greater than those for the control, indicating that CFE can be used as a thickening agent for yogurt. The sensory test revealed that addition of CFE (2~4%) to yogurt did not significantly affect the overall scores, but the overall preference score for 6% CFE yogurt was significantly decreased. Based on the data obtained from the present study, we concluded that the concentrations (2~4%) of CFE could be used to produce a CFE-added yogurt without the significantly adverse effects on the physicochemical and sensory properties.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.98-133
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• 1987

The mechanical and rheological properties of agricultural materials are important for engineering design and analysis of their mechanical harvesting, handling, transporting and processing systems. Agricultural materials, which composed of structural members and fluids do not react in a purely elastic manner, and their response when subjected to stress and strain is a combination of elastic and viscous behavior so called viscoelastic behavior. Many researchers have conducted studies on the mechanical and rheological properties of the various agricultural products, but a few researcher has studied those properties of rice plant, and also those data are available only for foreign varieties of rice plant. This study are conducted to experimentally determine the mechanical and the rheological properties such as axial compressive strength, tensile strength, bending and shear strength, stress relaxation and creep behavior of rice stems, and grain detachment strength. The rheological models for the rice stem were developed from the test data. The shearing characteristics were examined at some different levels of portion, cross-sectional area, moisture content of rice stem and shearing angle. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows 1. The mechanical properties of the stems of the J aponica types were greater than those of the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid in compression, tension, bendingand shearing. 2. The mean value of the compressive force was 80.5 N in the Japonica types and 55.5 N in the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid which was about 70 percent to that of the Japonica types, and then the value increased progressively at the lower portion of the stems generally. 3. The average tensile force was about 226.6 N in the Japonica types and 123.6 N in the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid which was about 55 percent to that of the Japonica types. 4. The bending moment was $0.19N{\cdot}m$ in the Japonica types and $0.13N{\cdot}m$ in the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid which was 68 percent to that of the Japonica types and the bending strength was 7.7 MPa in the Japonica types and 6.5 MPa in the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid respectively. 5. The shearing force was 141.1 N in Jinju, the Japonica type and 101.4 N in Taebaeg, the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid which was 72 percent to that of Jinju, and the shearing strength of Taebaeg was 63 percent to that of Jinju. 6. The shearing force and the shearing energy along the stem portion in Jinju increased progressively together at the lower portions, meanwhile in Taebaeg the shearing force showed the maximum value at the intermediate portion and the shearing energy was the greatest at the portion of 21 cm from the ground level, and also the shearing strength and the shearing energy per unit cross-sectional area of the stem were the greater values at the intermediate portion than at any other portions. 7. The shearing force and the shearing energy increased with increase of the cross-sectional area of the rice stem and with decrease of the shearing angie from $90^{\circ}$ to $50^{\circ}$. 8. The shearing forces showed the minimum values of 110 N at Jinju and of 60 N at Taebaeg, the shearing energy at the moisture content decreased about 15 percent point from initial moisture content showed value of 50 mJ in Jinju and of 30 mJ in Taebaeg, respectively. 9. The stress relaxation behavior could be described by the generalized Maxwell model and also the compression creep behavior by Burger's model, respectively in the rice stem. 10. With increase of loading rate, the stress relaxation intensity increased, meanwhile the relaxation time and residual stress decreased. 11. In the compression creep test, the logarithmic creep occured at the stress less than 2.0 MPa and the steady-state creep at the stress larger than 2.0 MPa. 12. The stress level had not a significant effect on the relaxation time, while the relaxation intensity and residual stress increased with increase of the stress level. 13. In the compression creep test of the rice stem, the instantaneous elastic modulus of Burger's model showed the range of 60 to 80 MPa and the viscosities of the free dashpot were very large numerical value which was well explained that the rice stem was viscoelastic material. 14. The tensile detachment forces were about 1.7 to 2.3 N in the Japonica types while about 1.0 to 1.3 N in Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid corresponding to 58 percent of Japonica types, and the bending detachment forces were about 0.6 to 1.1 N corresponding to 30 to 50 percent of the tensile detachment forces, and the bending detachment of the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid was 0.1 to 0.3 N which was 7 to 21 percent of Japonica types. 15. The detachment force of the lower portion was little bigger than that of the upper portion in a penicle and was not significantly affected by the harvesting period from September 28 to October 20. 16. The tensile and bending detachment forces decreased with decrease of the moisture content from 23 to 13 percent (w.b.) by the natural drying, and the decreasing rate of detachment forces along the moisture content was the greater in the bending detachment force than the tensile detachment force.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.59-62
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• 2004

본 연구는 다양한 종류의 에멀젼에 전단응력을 가하며 그때 일어나는 에멀젼의 상 변이를 전기, 유변학적 특징을 통해 실시간으로 측정해보는 것이다. 전기 전도도의 변화는 자체 제작한 JELL $I^{TM}$ (Joint Electro-rheometer for Liquid-Liquid Inversion) 칩을 이용하였으며, 동시에 유변물성측정장치(rheometer)를 이용하여 유변물성의 변화를 측정하였다. JELL $I^{TM}$ 과 인조 피부를 유변물성측정장치 사이에 장착하고 그 사이에 다양한 종류의 에멀젼을 얇게 발라준 후, 일정한 전단응력을 주며 시간에 따른 저항과 전도값의 변화를 측정하였다. O/W 제형의 경우 시간에 따라 저항값이 커지는 경향을 보였으며 저항값은 내부 상이 많을 수록 더 급격한 변화를 나타냈다. 이때의 점도 변화를 보면, 저항값의 변화가 클수록 점도의 변화도 큼을 볼 수 있었다. 이것은 내부 상의 파괴로 인해 외부의 힘에 저항하는 힘이 약해졌기 때문이라고 예상된다. 이런 결과를 이용하여 전단응력에 의한 에멀젼 상 변이 특성과 정도를 실시간, 정량적 비교할 수 있었다., 정량적 비교할 수 있었다.