• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.137-148
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• 2007

Using a strain-controlled rheometer [Rheometrics Dynamic Analyzer (RDA II)], the steady shear flow properties of a semi-solid ointment base (vaseline) have been measured over a wide range of shear rates at temperature range of $25{\sim}60^{\circ}C$. In this article, the steady shear flow properties (shear stress, steady shear viscosity and yield stress) were reported from the experimentally obtained data and the effects of shear rate as well as temperature on these properties were discussed in detail. In addition, several inelastic-viscoplastic flow models including a yield stress parameter were employed to make a quantitative evaluation of the steady shear flow behavior, and then the applicability of these models was examined by calculating the various material parameters (yield stress, consistency index and flow behavior index). Main findings obtained from this study can be summarized as follows : (1) At temperature range lower than $40^{\circ}C$, vaseline is regarded as a viscoplastic material having a finite magnitude of yield stress and its flow behavior beyond a yield stress shows a shear-thinning (or pseudo-plastic) feature, indicating a decrease in steady shear viscosity as an increase in shear rate. At this temperature range, the flow curve of vaseline has two inflection points and the first inflection point occurring at relatively lower shear rate corresponds to a static yield stress. The static yield stress of vaseline is decreased with increasing temperature and takes place at a lower shear rate, due to a progressive breakdown of three dimensional network structure. (2) At temperature range higher than $45^{\circ}C$, vaseline becomes a viscous liquid with no yield stress and its flow character exhibits a Newtonian behavior, demonstrating a constant steady shear viscosity regardless of an increase in shear rate. With increasing temperature, vaseline begins to show a Newtonian behavior at a lower shear rate range, indicating that the microcrystalline structure is completely destroyed due to a synergic effect of high temperature and shear deformation. (3) Over a whole range of temperatures tested, the Herschel-Bulkley, Mizrahi-Berk, and Heinz-Casson models are all applicable and have an almostly equivalent ability to quantitatively describe the steady shear flow behavior of vaseline, whereas the Bingham, Casson,and Vocadlo models do not give a good ability.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.193-203
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• 1999

In order to investigate systematically the steady shear flow properties of aqueous po1y(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solutions having various molecular weights and concentrations, the steady flow viscosity has been measured with a Rheometrics Fluids Spectrometer (RFS II) over a wide range of shear rates. The effects of shear rate, concentration, and molecular weight on the steady shear flow properties were reported in detail from the experimentally measured data, and then the results were interpreted using the concept of a material characteristic time. In addition, some flow models describing the non-Newtonian behavior (shear-thinning characteristics) of polymeric liquids were employed to make a quantitative evaluation of the steady flow behavior, and the applicability of these models was examined by calculating the various material parameters. Main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: (1) At low shear rates, aqueous PEO solutions show a Newtonian viscous behavior which is independent of shear rate. At shear rate region higher than a critical shear rate, however, they exhibit a shear-thinning behavior, demonstrating a decrease in steady flow viscosity with increasing shear rate. (2) As an increase in concentration and/or molecular weight, the zero-shear viscosity is increased while the Newtonian viscous region becomes narrower. Moreover, the critical shear rate at which the transition from the Newtonian to shear-thinning behavior occurs is decreased, and the shear-thinning nature becomes more remarkable. (3) Aqueous PEO solutions show a Newtonian viscous behavior at shear rate range lower than the inverse value of a characteristic time $1/{\lambda}_E$, while they exhibit a shear-thinning behavior at shear rate range higher than $1/{\lambda}_E$. For aqueous PEO solutions having a broad molecular weight distribution, the inverse value of a characteristic time is not quantitatively equivalent to the critical shear rate, but the power-law relationship holds between the two quantities. (4) The Cross, Carreau, and Carreau-Yasuda models are all applicable to describe the steady flow behavior of aqueous PEO solutions. Among these models, the Carreau-Yasuda model has the best validity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.192-196
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• 2012

This study investigated the effects of galacomannans (guar gum, tara gum, and locust bean gum) on the rheological properties of buckwheat starch pastes under steady and dynamic shear conditions. The power law and Casson models were applied to describe the flow behavior of the buckwheat starch and galactomannan mixtures. The values of the apparent viscosity (${\eta}_{a,100}$), consistency index (K), and yield stress (${\sigma}_{oc}$) for buckwheat starch-galactomannan mixtures were significantly greater than those for the control, indicating that there was a high synergism of the starch with galactomannans. The magnitudes of storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") for the starch-galactomannan mixtures increased with increasing frequency (${\omega}$). The dynamic moduli (G', G"), and complex viscosity (${\eta}^*$) for the buckwheat starch-galactomannan mixtures were significantly higher than those for the control.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2003

The steady shear flow properties of vaseline generally used as a base of the pharmaceutical dosage forms were studied in the consideration of wall slip phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to show that how slip may affect the experimental steady-state flow curves of semisolid ointment bases and to discuss the ways to eliminate (or minimize) wall slip effect in a rotational rheometer. Using both a strain-controlled ARES rheometer and a stress-controlled AR1000 rheometer, the steady shear flow behavior was investigated with various experimental conditions ; the surface roughness, sample preparation, plate diameter, gap size, shearing time, and loading methods were varied. A stress-controlled rheometer was suitable for investigating the flow behavior of semisolid ointment bases which show severe wall slip effects. In the conditions of parallel plates attached with sand paper, treated sample, smaller diameter fixture, larger gap size, shorter shearing time, and normal force control loading method, the wall slip effects could be minimized. A critical shear stress for the onset of slip was extended to above 10,000 dyne/$\textrm{cm}^2$. The wall slip effects could not be perfectly eliminated by any experimental conditions. However, the slip was delayed to higher value of shear stress by selecting proper fixture properties and experimental conditions.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.185-199
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• 2009

Using a strain-controlled rheometer [Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES)], the steady shear flow properties and the dynamic viscoelastic properties of $Antiphlamine-S^{(R)}$ lotion have been measured at $20^{\circ}C$ (storage temperature) and $37^{\circ}C$ (body temperature). In this article, the temperature dependence of the linear viscoelastic behavior was firstly reported from the experimental data obtained from a temperature-sweep test. The steady shear flow behavior was secondly reported and then the effect of shear rate on this behavior was discussed in detail. In addition, several inelastic-viscoplastic flow models including a yield stress parameter were employed to make a quantitative evaluation of the steady shear flow behavior, and then the applicability of these models was examined by calculating the various material parameters. The angular frequency dependence of the linear viscoelastic behavior was nextly explained and quantitatively predicted using a fractional derivative model. Finally, the strain amplitude dependence of the dynamic viscoelastic behavior was discussed in full to elucidate a nonlinear rheological behavior in large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields. Main findings obtained from this study can be summarized as follows : (1) The linear viscoelastic behavior is almostly independent of temperature over a temperature range of $15{\sim}40^{circ}C$. (2) The steady shear viscosity is sharply decreased as an increase in shear rate, demonstrating a pronounced Non-Newtonian shear-thinning flow behavior. (3) The shear stress tends to approach a limiting constant value as a decrease in shear rate, exhibiting an existence of a yield stress. (4) The Herschel-Bulkley, Mizrahi-Berk and Heinz-Casson models are all applicable and have an equivalent validity to quantitatively describe the steady shear flow behavior of $Antiphlamine-S^{(R)}$ lotion whereas both the Bingham and Casson models do not give a good applicability. (5) In small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, the storage modulus is always greater than the loss modulus over an entire range of angular frequencies tested and both moduli show a slight dependence on angular frequency. This means that the linear viscoelastic behavior of $Antiphlamine-S^{(R)}$ lotion is dominated by an elastic nature rather than a viscous feature and that a gel-like structure is present in this system. (6) In large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, the storage modulus shows a nonlinear strain-thinning behavior at strain amplitude range larger than 10 % while the loss modulus exhibits a weak strain-overshoot behavior up to a strain amplitude of 50 % beyond which followed by a decrease in loss modulus with an increase in strain amplitude. (7) At sufficiently large strain amplitude range (${\gamma}_0$>100 %), the loss modulus is found to be greater than the storage modulus, indicating that a viscous property becomes superior to an elastic character in large shear deformations.

• 한국섬유공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국섬유공학회 2001년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.175-178
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• 2001

일반적으로 점탄성 거동을 나타내는 고분자 액체의 전단유동특성(shear flow properties)을 평가하기 위하여 정상전단(steady shear), 동적전단(dynamic shear), 응력완화(stress relaxation) 그리고 크리프(creep) 및 크리프 회복(creep recovery) 실험 등이 활용되고 있다[1], 이때 영전단점도(zero shear viscosity)와 정상상태 회복 컴플라이언스(steady-state recoverable compliance)는 정상상태(steady state)에서 얻어지는 물리량으로, 각 실험방법으로부터 직접적 또는 간접적으로 측정이 가능하다. (중략)

• 유변학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.143-152
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• 1999

본 연구에서는 Rheometrics Fluids Spectrometer(RFS II)를 사용하여 세 종류의 상용 반고형 식품(마요네즈, 토마토 케찹, 와사비)의 정상유동특성 및 소진폭 전단변형하에서의 동적 점탄성을 광범위한 전단속도와 각주파수 영역에서 측정하였다. 이들 측정결과로부터 정상유동특성의 전단속도 의존성 및 동적 점탄성의 각주파수 의존성을 보고하였다. 그리고 항복응력의 항을 갖는 몇 가지 점소성 유동모델을 사용하여 정상유동특성을 정량적으로 평가하고 이들 모델의 적용성을 비교.검증하였다. 나아가서 수정된 형태의 지수법칙 관계식을 도입하여 정상유동특성(비선형 거동)과 동적 점탄성(선형 거동)간의 상관관계에 대해 검토하였다. 이상의 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 반고형 식품류는 상당한 크기의 항복응력을 갖는 점소성 물질로서 전단속도가 증가할수록 정상류점도가 급격히 감소하는 shear-thinning 거동을 나타낸다. (2) Herschel-Bulkley 모델, Mizrahi-Berk 모델 및 Heinz-Casson 모델은 반고형 식품류의 정상유동거동을 잘 기술할 수 있다. 이들 중에서도 Heinz-Casson 모델이 가장 우수한 적용성을 갖는다 (3) 반고형 식품류는 임계 전단속도를 경계로 shear-thinning 특성이 변화한다. 즉 낮은 전단속도에 비해 높은 전단속도 영역에서 분산입자 응집체의 구조파괴가 더욱 활발하게 진행되어 보다 현저한 shear-thinning 특성을 나타낸다. (4) 저장 탄성률 및 손실탄성률은 양자 모두 각주파수가 증가할수록 점차로 증가하나 각주파수 의존성은 그다지 크지 않다. 또한 광범위한 각주파수 영역에서 탄성적 성질이 점성적 성질에 비해 보다 우세하게 나타난다. (5) 정상류점도, 동적점도 및 복소점도는 모두 power-law 모델의 거동을 잘 만족한다. 또한 정상유동특성과 동적 점탄성간의 상관관계는 수정된 형태의 지수법칙 관계식에 의해 잘 기술될 수 있다.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2006

Using a strain-controlled rheometer, the steady shear flow properties of aqueous xanthan gum solutions of different concentrations were measured over a wide range of shear rates. In this article, both the shear rate and concentration dependencies of steady shear flow behavior are reported from the experimentally obtained data. The viscous behavior is quantitatively discussed using a well-known power law type flow equation with a special emphasis on its importance in industrial processing and actual usage. In addition, several inelastic-viscoplastic flow models including a yield stress parameter are employed to make a quantitative evaluation of the steady shear flow behavior, and then the applicability of these models is also examined in detail. Finally, the elastic nature is explained with a brief comment on its practical significance. Main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: (1) Concentrated xanthan gum solutions exhibit a finite magnitude of yield stress. This may come from the fact that a large number of hydrogen bonds in the helix structure result in a stable configuration that can show a resistance to flow. (2) Concentrated xanthan gum solutions show a marked non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior which is well described by a power law flow equation and may be interpreted in terms of the conformational status of the polymer molecules under the influence of shear flow. This rheological feature enhances sensory qualities in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products and guarantees a high degree of mix ability, pumpability, and pourability during their processing and/or actual use. (3) The Herschel-Bulkley, Mizrahi-Berk, and Heinz-Casson models are all applicable and have equivalent ability to describe the steady shear flow behavior of concentrated xanthan gum solutions, whereas both the Bingham and Casson models do not give a good applicability. (4) Concentrated xanthan gum solutions exhibit a quite important elastic flow behavior which acts as a significant factor for many industrial applications such as food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic manufacturing processes.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.860-864
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• 2000

The steady and dynamic shear rheological properties of traditional kochujang fermented at three different temperatures (20${^circ}C$, 25${^circ}C$ and 30${^circ}C$) were studied. Flow of kochujang samples showed time dependence, which was quantitatively described by the Weltman model, Kochujang samples were highly shear thinning fluids (n=0.25~0.27) with large magnitudes of Casson yield stresses (1.09~1.21 kPa). Consistency index (K) and apparent viscosity (${\eta}_{a,20}$) increased with increase in fermentation temperature of kochujang. Storage (G') and loss (G") moduli increased with increase in frequency (ω), while complex viscosity (${\eta}^{\ast}$) decreased. Based on dynamic shear data, kochujang samples exhibit structural properties similar to weak gels. The complex and steady shear viscosities at different fermentation temperatures followed the Cox-Merz superposition rule with the application of the shift factor (a=0.011~0.016).

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC) and their alloys are an important class of engineering thermoplastics that are widely used for automotive industry, computer and equipment housings. For the process of recycling mixtures of ABS and PC, it is desirable to know how sensitive the blend properties are to changes in compositions. It was for this reason that blends of virgin ABS and virgin PC at five different compositions, namely, $15\%,\;30\%,\;50\%,\;70%$ and $85\%$ by weight of ABS were prepared and characterised by rheological and mechanical measurements. Rheological properties of these blends in steady, oscillatory and transient step shear and mechanical properties, namely, tensile strength, elongation-at-break and Izod impact strength are reported. The results show that PC behaves in a relatively Newtonian manner, but ABS exhibits significant shear thinning. The ABS-rich blends show a trend that is similar to that of ABS, while PC-rich blends, namely $0\%$ and $15\%$, exhibit a nearly Newtonian behaviour. However, at a fixed shear rate or frequency, the steady shear or the dynamic viscosity varied respectively in a non-mono-tonic manner with composition. Except for $15\%$ blend, the viscosities of other blends fall into a narrow band indicating a wide-operation window of varying blend ratio. The blends exhibited a lower viscosity than either of the two pure components. The other noticeable feature was that the blends at $70\%$ and $85\%$ ABS content had a higher G' than pure ABS, indicating an enhancement of elastic effect. The tensile yield strength of the blends followed the 'rule of mixtures' showing a decreasing value with the increase of ABS content in PC. However, the elongation-at-break and the impact strength did not appear to obey this 'rule of mixtures,' which suggests that morphology of the blends also plays a significant role in determining the properties. Indeed, scanning electron micrographs of the fracture surfaces of the different blends validate this hypothesis, and the $15\%$ blend is seen to have the most distinct morphology and correspondingly different behaviour and properties.