• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2016

The classical statistical approach using test data samples to estimate true value of Random Variables by calculating mean and variation (standard deviation or coefficient of variation) of samples is very useful to understand the existing condition of the structure. But with this classical approach, our prior knowledge through educational background and professional experience cannot provide any benefit to make decisions by the structural engineers. This paper shows the role of Bayesian methodology by providing chance of using valuable prior knowledge to come up with more accurate estimation of structural condition. This paper also shows how important it is to have a proper prior estimate of Random Variables and corresponding confidence level through gathering and studying more relevant information.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5665-5669
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• 2012

Background: The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mediates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis through promoting endothelial cell growth, migration and mitosis, and has involvement in cancer pathogenesis, progression and metastasis. However, the prognostic value of VEGF in patients with prostate cancer remains controversial. Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic value of VEGF in prostate cancer, and summarise the results of related research on VEGF. Methods: In accordance with an established search strategy, 11 studies with 1,529 patients were included in our meta-analysis. The correlation of VEGF-expression with overall survival and progression-free survival was evaluated by hazard ratio, either given or calculated. Results: The studies were categorized by introduction of the author, demographic data in each study, prostate cancer-relatived information, VEGF cut-off value, VEGF subtype, methods of hazard ratio (HR) estimation and its 95% confidence interval (CI). High VEGF-expression in prostate cancer is a poor prognostic factor with statistical significance for OS (HR=2.32, 95%CI: 1.40-3.24). However, high VEGF-expression showed no effect on poor PFS (HR=1.30, 95%CI: 0.88-1.72). Using Begg's, Egger's test and funnel plots, we confirmed lack of publication bias in our analysis. Conclusion: VEGF might be regarded as a prognostic maker for prostate cancer, as supported by our meta-analysis. To achieve a more definitive conclusion enabling the clinical use of VEGF in prostate cancer, we need more high-quality interventional original studies following agreed research approaches or standards.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.9-18
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• 2017

In order to respond to the ever-changing media environments in the era of smart and mobile technology, KBS has introduced and partially applied PIE-TV and PIE-nonTV modes that monitor the average number of viewers among the national population group by means of the sample household extraction method which is a traditional way of rating investigation. This study analyzes the correlation between the number of viewers of premiere, re-air broadcasting, and MPP channel programs and the number of OTT-based VOD viewers in reference to the data extracted from PIE-TV survey results. KBS conducted a survey for 3 months between June and August 2017 to measure the PIE-TV Index, based on which the above-mentioned correlation was analyzed with programs classified to entertainment, drama, and cultural programs. For data analysis, SPSS (Ver. 18.0 for Window, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) was utilized. It was assumed that when p<0.05 in the confidence interval of 95%, statistically significance would be secured. Among the 30 subjects in the simple correlation analysis, the parameter was determined by the Person correlation coefficient and the non-parameter by the Spearman correlation coefficient. Analysis results are as below: (1) As the number of viewers of premier entertainment, drama, and cultural programs was larger, the number of VOD viewers was larger accordingly. (2) As for entertainment and drama programs, as the number of re-air broadcasting viewers was larger, the number of VOD viewers decreased accordingly. (2) As for entertainment and drama programs, as the number of MPP viewers was larger, the number of VOD viewers decreased accordingly. It is expected that this statistical data can be utilized for strategic planning of MPP channel lineups including terrestrial TV broadcasting, cable TV, etc.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.132-140
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• 2019

In this study, a specimen composed of columns, walls, beams, and slabs was fabricated to investigate the estimated reliability using nondestructive test method for the location of structural members of reinforced concrete single layer structures. And for accurate analysis in the comparison process with the existing estimation formula, we try to analyze the reliability through statistical approach by using error rate comparison and Confidence interval estimation. As a result, The average error rate of the core test was 18.8% compared with the result of estimating the compressive strength using the ultrasonic pulse velocity method. The average error rate of the core test results compared with the result of estimating the compressive strength using the rebound hardness method was 20.1%, confirming the field applicability. it is judged that the reliability of the compressive strength estimation can be derived from the wall member to make a quick and efficient structure safety diagnosis using the ultrasonic pulse velocity method. In addition, it is judged that the reliability of the compressive strength estimation can be derived from the beam member to make a quick and efficient structure safety diagnosis using the rebound hardness method.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.7
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• pp.303-307
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• 2016

Purpose: To identify the relationship between dietary habits and childhood gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in preschool children. Methods: We performed a questionnaire study to analyze the relationship between dietary habits and GERD in 85 preschool children with GERD and 117 healthy children of the same age. Results: Irregular and picky eating were more p-revalent in the GERD group than in the control group (odds ratio [OR], 4.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-12.54 and OR, 4.96; 95% CI, 1.88-13.14, respectively). The snack preferences and the late night eating habits were significantly more prevalent in the GERD group than in the control group (OR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.23-11.87 and OR, 9.51; 95% CI, 2.55-35.49, respectively). A preference for liquid foods was significantly more prevalent in the GERD group (OR, 9.51; 95% CI, 2.548-35.485). The dinner-to-bedtime interval was significantly shorter in the GERD group than in the control group ($157.06{\pm}48.47$ vs. $174.62{\pm}55.10$, P=0.020). In addition, the time between dinner and bedtime was shorter than 3 hours in 47 children (55.3%) of the GERD group and 44 (37.6%) of the control group. This difference was statistical significance (P=0.015). Conclusion: Dietary habits such as picky and irregular eating, snack preference, a preference of liquid foods, late night eating, and a shorter dinner-to-bedtime interval had a significant correlation with GERD. Further large-scale studies are necessary to confirm our results.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.61-69
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• 2015

This study presents a probabilistic knowledge discovery method to interpret heart rate variability (HRV) based on time and frequency domain indexes, extracted using discrete wavelet transform. The knowledge induction algorithm was composed of two phases: rule generation and rule estimation. Firstly, a rule generation converts numerical attributes to intervals using ROC curve analysis and constructs a reduced ruleset by comparing consistency degree between attribute-value pairs with different decision values. Then, we estimated three measures such as rule support, confidence, and coverage to a probabilistic interpretation for each rule. To show the effectiveness of proposed model, we evaluated the statistical discriminant power of five rules (3 for atrial fibrillation, 1 for normal sinus rhythm, and 1 for both atrial fibrillation and normal sinus rhythm) generated using a data (n=58) collected from 1 channel wireless holter electrocardiogram (ECG), i.e., HeartCall$^{(R)}$, U-Heart Inc. The experimental result showed the performance of approximately 0.93 (93%) in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC measures, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to verify relationships between light- and heavy alcohol drinking and health-risk behaviors such as smoking, inappropriate weight control, physical inactivity, and sexual activity among adolescents. Methods: The data of 68,043 adolescents in middle- and high school collected from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey in 2015 were analyzed. For statistical analysis, logistic regression model was used. Results: The rate of heavy alcohol drinking increased with increasing age up to 21.5% among boys and 13.9% among girls. Among boys, heavy alcohol drinkers were at a higher risk of smoking (adjusted odds ratios [OR]=3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.8-3.8), inappropriate weight control (OR=1.7; 95% CI=1.4-2.1), having sexual intercourse (OR=3.6; 95% CI=3.0-4.2) than light drinkers. Multiple health-risk behaviors of smoking, inappropriate weight control and sexual intercourse also increased in accordance with the severity of drinking alcohol beverage compared to non-drinker. Physical inactivity was decreased among heavy drinkers compared to light drinkers (OR=0.8; 95% CI=0.7-0.9 for inactivity of moderate exercise). Similar results were observed among girls. Conclusions: Alcohol drinking especially heavy alcohol drinking among adolescents is related to other risky behaviors including smoking, inappropriate weight control, and sexual activity. To prevent health problems in adolescents, it is necessary to adopt a combined approach regarding heavy drinking and health-risk behaviors.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.385-395
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• 2015

CPR education to school students is one of the key points to higher bystander CPR rate. The object of this study is to evaluate the results after CPR education to middel school students by health teachers compared to that of pre-education status. During 3 monthes from Mar. to Jun. 2014, the observation data before and after CPR education were analysed through Chi-square test and McNemar's test using SPSS, SAS programs from 812 middle school students in Busan prov. After stratifying those surveyed by genders and previous CPR education experiences, each stratified groups showed positive changes of statistical significnace in all aspects of the knowledge, will, and self-confidence about CPR. (p<0.05). It is the more desirable method to increase bystander CPR that the CPR education including knowledge and practice was done to middle school students by health teachers. To come true these CPR education, more studies are necessary about policy development to support education tranining tools in a community.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2010

Objectives: To compare the performance of three International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision translations of the Charlson comorbidities when predicting in-hospital among patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: MI patients ${\geq}20$ years of age with the first admission during 2006 were identified(n=20,280). Charlson comorbidities were drawn from Heath Insurance Claims Data managed by Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea. Comparisions for various conditions included (a) three algorithms (Halfon, Sundararajan, and Quan algorithms), (b) lookback periods (1-, 3- and 5-years), (c) data range (admission data, admission and ambulatory data), and (d) diagnosis range (primary diagnosis and first secondary diagnoses, all diagnoses). The performance of each procedure was measured with the c-statistic derived from multiple logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, admission type and Charlson comorbidity index. A bootstrapping procedure was done to determine the approximate 95% confidence interval. Results: Among the 20,280 patients, the mean age was 63.3 years, 67.8% were men and 7.1% died while hospitalized. The Quan and Sundararajan algorithms produced higher prevalences than the Halfon algorithm. The c-statistic of the Quan algorithm was slightly higher, but not significantly different, than that of other two algorithms under all conditions. There was no evidence that on longer lookback periods, additional data, and diagnoses improved the predictive ability. Conclusions: In health services study of MI patients using Health Insurance Claims Data, the present results suggest that the Quan Algorithm using a 1-year lookback involving primary diagnosis and the first secondary diagnosis is adequate in predicting in-hospital mortality.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.173-179
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• 2013

Even though a rough diamond shape is irregular and rugged, it is easy to be processed to make gem, shaped facets (table, crown, pavilion and girdle) were precisely treated because they influence on the evaluation of diamond grading. Those specifications suitable for the standard round brilliant cut diamond polishing were investigated and in 95 % statistical confidence interval, standard deviation, mean and acceptable tolerance were examined. According to these variables (size, angle, depth, and thickness) distribution, the frequency analysis of ratings and proportions were compared with each other. The correlation between each variables and the evidence of influence represented in proportion were determined by the regression analysis applying LSM (Least Square Method). In this research, it was recognized that table sizes of the diamond jewels and pavilion depth (in %) influence the rating decision and in particular, the depth of pavilion acting as the main factor of proportions, also plays an important role in optical phenomena.