• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.761-771
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• 2016

The GloSea5 (Global Seasonal forecasting system version 5) is provided and operated by the KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration). GloSea5 provides Forecast (FCST) and Hindcast (HCST) data and its horizontal resolution is about 60km ($0.83^{\circ}{\times}0.56^{\circ}$) in the mid-latitudes. In order to use this data in watershed-scale water management, GloSea5 needs spatial-temporal downscaling. As such, statistical downscaling was used to correct for systematic biases of variables and to improve data reliability. HCST data is provided in ensemble format, and the highest statistical correlation ($R^2=0.60$, RMSE = 88.92, NSE = 0.57) of ensemble precipitation was reported for the Yongdam Dam watershed on the #6 grid. Additionally, the original GloSea5 (600.1 mm) showed the greatest difference (-26.5%) compared to observations (816.1 mm) during the summer flood season. However, downscaled GloSea5 was shown to have only a -3.1% error rate. Most of the underestimated results corresponded to precipitation levels during the flood season and the downscaled GloSea5 showed important results of restoration in precipitation levels. Per the analysis results of spatial autocorrelation using seasonal Moran's I, the spatial distribution was shown to be statistically significant. These results can improve the uncertainty of original GloSea5 and substantiate its spatial-temporal accuracy and validity. The spatial-temporal reproducibility assessment will play a very important role as basic data for watershed-scale water management.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.117-126
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• 2007

This study investigated the effect of the price and brand name on the consumer's evaluation of cosmetics. 363 women from 20's to 50's living in Seoul and the metropolitan area were asked to use and describe the given samples of cosmetic products for one week with different information of price and brand name. The results of this study are as follows: First, the assessment of the facial toner, moisturizer and cream does not show a significant statistical difference between the group of 'renowned' and 'renownless'. Second, the assessment of the facial toner, moisturizer, and cream shows a significant statistical difference between the user groups which received the prior information whether the cosmetics are 'high price' or 'low price'. Third, the assessment of the users' satisfaction of the 3 kinds of cosmetic products mentioned above is influenced by 'renown' an 'price'. Finally, the interaction of the factor 'renown' and 'price' influences on the cosmetics' effectiveness significantly. From this study, it was discovered that the evaluation and the degree of satisfaction on cosmetics were influenced by the price and brand names. This will improve the understanding of consumers' behavior and personal decision-making, which in be the key of marketing strategy.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.119-134
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• 2010

Objectives & Method：Based on the statistic from January 2008 to December 2008 include 66-year-old 375 people (159 men, 216 women) who got examined in National Health Insurance Corporation, this study set a goal to establish a new health index by analyzing the relation between the cardio-cerebra vascular disease and risk factor such as obesity, smoking, exercise, alcohol consumption, blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. Results：1) Examine results, health status according to gender；People who are diagnosed as abnormal health status have higher risk for both men and women. As for the detailed diseases, high blood pressure was highest followed by hyperlipidemia and obesity. In case of the women, 96.3% in bone mineral density was highest. 2) Correlation of disease and health risk factors based on gender；Correlation of disease according to gender in the obesity(p<0.001), lipid abnormalities(p<0.001), kidney diseases(p<0.001), chest diseases(p<0.05), osteoporosis(p<0.001) showed a statistically significant difference. The analysis showed that the men have more obesity and lipid abnormalities as well as thoracic disease than the women, but the women have more kidney disease than the men. As for the osteoporosis examine which is conducted only for the women, most of the women were abnormal even though it cannot compare the result according to gender. Obesity(p<0.001), alcohol(p<0.001), smoking(p<0.001) and LDLcholesterol(p<0.001) showed statistical correlation between gender and health risk factor. And only high blood pressure(p<0.001) showed a statistical correlation between gender and risk of cardio-cerebra vascular disease. 3) Risk of cardio-cerebra vascular disease related to health risk factor characteristic；Obesity assessment(p<0.001), alcohol(p<0.05), smoking(p<0.05), blood pressure(p<0.001), glucose(p<0.001) showed correlation between health risk factor and stroke. Drinking(p<0.001), smoking(p<0.05), exercise(p<0.001), blood pressure(p<0.001), LDL cholesterol(p<0.001) showed health risk factor and myocardial infarction. Obesity assessment(p<0.001), smoking(p<0.05), blood pressure(p<0.001), glucose(p<0.001) and showed correlation between health risk factor and diabetes. Obesity assessment(p<0.001), blood pressure(p<0.001) showed correlation between health risk factor and high blood pressure. Conclusion：Therefore, we have to take one step farther after the health examination. In order to prevent and reduce the risk of disease, people have to understand their health status exactly first, and correct their habit with recognizing the amount of risk related to cardio-cerebra vascular disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.293-302
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• 2012

Background & Purpose : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impairment of SVMC(selective voluntary motor control) of the lower extremity by assessing each joints of lower limb and to analyze the motional relationship between each joints of lower limb using SCALE(Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity) during the swing phase of gait cycle in children with spastic diplegia. Method : 11 children with spastic diplegia CP who could walk independently and 10 normal developing children were participated. SCALE(Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity) assessments were conducted for 11 children with CP. Gait analysis were accomplished in all participants. Qualisys motion analysis was used as a statistical tool to assess the motional relationship between hip joint, knee joint and ankle joint in each limb. We used descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, independent t-test, linear regression to analysis motional relationship between each joints of lower limb using by SPSS ver.17.0. Result : Firstly, there were significant differences in SCALE scores between the cerebal palsy group and the control group in knee joint(p<0.05), but no significant difference in hip and ankle joints during the swing phase of gait cycle. Secondly, the difference of SCALE scores showed no statistical motional difference in knee and ankle joints during the swing phase, and showed significant motional difference in hip joints during the swing phase(p<0.05). Thirdly, there was a liner relationship between the motion of hip and ankle joints during the swing phase. Conclusion : The nature of SVMC(selective voluntary motor control) in each joints of the lower limb may reflect the ability of gait, thus SCALE may be used for assessing and for treating the cerebal palsy patients who are able to walk independently. Also we knew that the impairment of SVMC(selective voluntary motor control) increases from the proximal to the distal joints.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.607-617
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• 2020

Human bio-monitoring (HBM) data is a very important resource for tracking total exposure and concentrations of a parent chemical or its metabolites in human biomarkers. However, until now, it was difficult to execute the integration of different types of HBM data due to incompatibility problems caused by gaps in study design, chemical description and coding system between different sources in Korea. In this study, we presented a standardized code system and HBM knowledge model (KM) based on relational database modeling methodology. For this purpose, we used 11 raw datasets collected from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) between 2006 and 2018. We then constructed the HBM database (DB) using a total of 205,491 concentration-related data points for 18,870 participants and 86 chemicals. In addition, we developed a summary report-type statistical analysis program to verify the inputted HBM datasets. This study will contribute to promoting the sustainable creation and versatile utilization of big-data for HBM results at the MFDS.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2002

This study was intended to observe the relationship of pain alleviation between the group with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied on bach of head, lung, nasalis internae, shen-men, pharynx & larynx, and internal secretion which are the pants to regulate smoking and that, with no treatment of the kind among smokers and con-smokers with chronic low back pain. It also aimed to conduct a research of applying different treatment methods according to smoking, thus ultimately providing basic data needed by clinic therapists and to help achieve appropriate treatment effects considering the characteristics of each patient. The subject criteria were men who were in their 40's or 50's, smoking or non-smoking and came to the physical therapy of the hospital to cure the chronic low back pain which had lasted more than three months. The total 24 subjects were randomly divided into four groups according to smoking; the group of smokers with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied, that of smokers with no application of such treatment, that of non-smokers with the action of such treatment, and that of non-smokers with no application of such treatment Each group was measured in terms of four pain assessment methods of visual analogue scale(VAS), verbal rating scale(VRS), McGil pain questionnaire(MPQ), endorphin. And the results were as follows: 1. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and endorphin 1 between before and after the treatment. 2. In terms of the pain effects had by the smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy was applied, there was a statistical significance in VRS and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 3. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the non-smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. In terms of the pain effects had by the non-smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular was applied, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 5. The smokers with low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy to see how it affected their pain. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. 6. The subject suffering from low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation to see how it affected their pain according to smoking. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. Based upon the results, it can be concluded that smokers with low back pain received the more effects of pain alleviation from the application of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy compared to the rest of the groups who suffered from low back pain.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.53-61
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reaction time and divided attention related to driving in elderly subjects using the driving ability assessment tool. By analyzing differences in average score according to age group, we also aim to, provide data for identifying the risk of driving in elderly people. Methods : A total of 70 elderly subjects, who participated in a driving evaluation program for people over 65 years of aged and who live in W city, Gangwon-do from August to December 2019, were included in the study. After the driving questionnaire was completed, the mobile driving assessment tool was explained, and then the patients carried out the reaction time and the divided attention task. Collected data were analyzed using the statistical program SPSS 25.0, and the significance level was set to 0.1. Results : The reaction time of the younger-old was 0.717 s, while that of the older-old was 0.843 s, this difference was statistically significant (p=.084). The response time for the task of divided attention was 0.669 s in the younger-old and 0.695 s for the older-old. In this case, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=.901). Conclusion : Using the mobile driving ability assessment tool, it was possible to evaluate the reaction rate and divided attention of elderly while driving.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 2003

Objectives: To analyze the postoperative functional outcome of shoulder in patients with arthroscopically assisted repair of large to massive rotator cuff tears with or without acromioplasty and role of acromioplasty. Materials and Methods: From June 1996 to June 2002, twenty six patients with large to massive rotator cuff tears were undergone arthroscopically assisted repair. Mean follow up was over one year. Fourteen were male and twelve were female. Mean age was 51 years old(39-66). Mean duration was 9 months. Acromioplasty was done in 14 cases concomitantly. They were divided into two groups. Group I: arthroscopic cuff repair with acromioplasty(14 cases). Group II: arthroscopic cuff repair without acromioplasty(12 cases). Each shoulder was evaluated at preoperative and final follow-up with Visual Analogue Scale(VAS), University of Pennsylvania Patient self-assessment of pain, University of Pennsylvania Patient self-assessment of function, ASES standardized shoulder assessment form, Simple Shoulder Test, UCLA score and range of motion(ROM). We analyzed the differences between the two groups. Shoulder ROM and acromioplasty were determining factors. Statistics was tested by correlation analysis and repeated measure ANOVA test. Results: At the final follow up, functional outcome and pain were improved but they had no statistical significance between the two groups(p>0.05). Combined procedure, acromioplasty, didn't affect on VAS. UCLA score, University of Pennsylvania Patient self-assessment of pain, University of Pennsylvania Patient self-assessment of function, ASf:S standardized shoulder assessment form and Simple Shoulder Test(p>0.05). In group II, forward flexion and abduction were statistically improved at the final follow up than in group I(p<0.05). Conclusions: It appears that arthroscopic repair is satisfactory procedure in patients with large to massive cuff tears. Combined procedure, acromioplasty, doesn't affect on postoperative functional outcome of shoulder.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of lessons adopting portfolio assessment regarding feedback on elementary school student's scientific knowledges, inquiry abilities and their perceptions of it. For this study, two classes of 5th grade elementary school in suburb were selected. As an experimental group, one class was selected to apply the lessons adopting portfolio assessment regarding feedback, and the other class as a control group was selected to apply the lessons adopting portfolio assessment without feedback. The investigator taught and assessed both group students. The results showed a significant difference in scientific knowledge between the experimental group and the control group (p<.05). More detailed analysis of scientific knowledge found that the feedback effect was statistically positive in the memory and the understanding domain, but there was no effect in the application domain. No statistical difference was identified in inquiry abilities. The results of the questionnaire on the perceptions of portfolio assessment showed that students of the experimental group had higher positive responses on the 'perception about the effects of lesson' and on the 'perception in scientific attitudes' than the control group. However, the control group students had higher positive responses on the 'perception about self-evaluate of their own portfolio' and the 'perception about need of feedback' than the experimental group.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 2022

Background: This retrospective study aimed to determine whether there were correlations between the number and type of accompanying symptoms of peripheral facial nerve palsy, and surface electromyography (SEMG) and clinical assessment scales to help diagnosis. Methods: There were 30, cases of peripheral facial nerve palsy at Visit 1 to the Korean Medicine Hospital, Dong-eui University, 22 cases at Visit 2 and 10 cases at Visit 3. The study period was from July 19, 2021 to November 31, 2021. Symptoms were evaluated three times (with two-week intervals which began 7 days from onset) using SEMG, clinical assessment scales and accompanying symptoms. In this study, the House-Brackmann grading system (HBGS), and the Yanagihara's unweighted grading system (Y-score) clinical assessment scales were used. The Pearson or Spearman correlation was used for statistical analysis. Results: On Visit 1, the number of accompanying symptoms of peripheral facial nerve palsy had no significant correlation with other measures. On Visits 1-3, the HBGS score had a significant negative correlation with the Y-score. On Visit 2, most of the mean values measured had significant correlations with each other although not between SEMG-Z and SEMG-O that Z means a zygomaticus muscle and O means a orbicularis oris muscle. On Visit 3, the number of accompanying symptoms significantly correlated with the clinical assessment scales. The HBGS score, Y-score, and SEMG measurements (except SEMG-Z) had significant correlations with each other. A significant positive correlation between SEMG-Z and SEMG-T was noted. Conclusion: We predict accompanying symptoms can be used to diagnose the peripheral facial nerve palsy including both clinical assessment scales and SEMG measurements at 2-5 weeks after onset.