• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.375-390
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the expression ofIGF-I, considered as the mediator of action of estrogen, and IGF-IA and IGF-IB, alternative slicing form of IGF-I, using $17{\beta}-estradiol$ in MC3T3-E1 cells. We observed the effect on type I collagen and osteopontin gene expression and DNA synthetic activity of MC3T3-E1 cells, added by estrogen, IGF-I and combination and the interactionon proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The results were as follows :RT-PCR experiment for observing timedependantIGF-I gene expression patternshowed IGF-IA and IB gene expression in both of control and test group. In these IGF-IA gene expression was appeared predominantly. In control, IGF-I geneexpression level was maintained until 24hr and then decreased gradually. In testgroup, IGF-I gene expression level increased as time goes by. Experiment measuring DNA synthetic activity, as it is added by $17{\beta}-estradiol$, IGF-I and combination, showed that first day , there was the tendency of more increase of synthetic activity in all test group than control but no statical significance(P>0.05), and third day, there was more increase of DNA synthetic activity in $17{\beta}-estradiol$ group and combination group and it was statically significant. (P<0.005) Experiment for observing type I collagen gene expression pattern showed more increase of expression in $17{\beta}-estradiol$ group than control and no significant difference in IGF-I group and combination group. Experiment for observing osteopontin gene expression pattern showed no significant difference in control and test group. In conclusion, $17{\beta}-estradiol$ in MC3T3- E1 cells increased IGF-I gene and DNA synthetic activity simultaneously, therefore it appeared that IGF-I is related to the action of estrogen. Combination treatment of IGF-I and $17{\beta}-estradiol$ has effect on cell proliferation but this effect is lower than IGF-I or $17{\beta}-estradiol$ alone. However, combination treatment has not great effect on type I collagen or osteopontin gene expression thus little effect of cell differentiation.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.5_3
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• pp.889-900
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• 2017

In this study, we analyzed the paper about NIR (Near-Infrared) remote sensing data and systematically summarized the research and application fields of NIR. To do this, we conducted a case study on the use of NIR in domestic journals, and SCI journals in the field of technology development for the last 5 years. After selection, a total of 281 journals were analyzed. For the statistical analysis, the classification was divided into subclasses and the dominant research trends were examined. As a result, the researchers who wrote the papers made the highest score of about 60% or more at university. In the field of application, 50% of land, 30% of environment, and 11% of disaster were distributed on SCI journals. In Korea, on the other hand, 55% of land, 24% of environment and 10% of disasters were distributed. In addition, 17% of the national land management and 8% of the geological / natural resources. Disaster observation using NIR was used for landslide, drought, weather disaster and flood. In particular, meteorological disasters are a result of study on Asian dust. However, there were no results of forest fire detection in Korea. Considering the domestic situation, it seems necessary to carry out additional and active research on this. It is expected that this statistical analysis data will be used as basic data to help expand the NIR technology development and utilization field in Korea in the future.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.221-249
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• 2006

The object of this study is to understand the characteristics of mathematical knowledge that elementary 5th graders have regarding the statistical variation concept and the changes after taking lessons. This study includes a pretest to examine the characteristics of mathematical knowledge that elementary 5th graders have regarding the statistical variation concept. And It was followed by a lesson on statistical variation concept to be able to correct error which was revealed by the inspection, and to improve good points. It turned out that after five lessons on the statistical variation concept, the insufficient aspects were properly improved, and as for the points they already understand, they came to understand better than before. They came to consider the statical variation concept instead of the frequency, preponderance, average, stable traits for the optimum value. Also, through the lesson on drawing tables and graphs, they came to better understand them, analyzing correctly the exercises in which tables and graphs were combined. When comparing data sets whose general distributions and extents were similar, students came up with the right answers in a stable way by considering averages combining statistical variation too. Since they tended to interpret a situation with their own subjective views adding conditions, teachers need to examine the proper situation and conditions prior to the lessons on the statistical variation concept.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.60-69
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• 2005

Orthopedic rapid maxillary expansion(RME) has been a common treatment modality used to widen narrow maxillae in young children. However, since more skeletally matured adolescents or adults has closed midpalatal suture, the result of RME was undesirable because of dental tipping with little or no basal skeletal movement and resulted to many other complications. After such treatment, complications often occurred such as alveolar bending, compression of periodontal ligament, extrusion, buccal tipping, and severe relapse. Thus, surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion(SA-RME) is required, especially for patients over 14 years old, to skeletally release maxillary expansion. We used two methods of maxillary expansion surgery. Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion(SA-RME) & surgically assisted posterior segmental expansion(SA-PSE) were used for narrow maxilla. The study was divided into two groups(SA-RME group and SA-PSE group). SA-RME group was consisted of 2 males and 4 females, and the ages of materials ranged from 15 years to 25 years with a mean of 20.2 years. SA-PSE group was consisted of 1 male and 5 females, and the ages ranged from 13 years to 23 years with a mean of 18.7 years. Dental study models were fabricated before starting the expansion and immediately after the expansion was completed. It was fabricated again 1 month later, 3 months later when the expansion device was removed, and 6 months later after the expansion was completed. A repeated measures analysis of variance(ANOVA) test was applied to assess changes between each groups over time. The amount of expansion and the amount of tipping movement each in both groups were compared by using paired t-test and it was also compared between each subjects within the group by using independent t-test. Both SA-RME and SA-PSE group showed stable results, but SA-PSE group showed statical significance in tipping movement of second premolar. We compared 6 patients who recieved SA-RME with 6 patients who received SA-PSE, and appraised the clinical usefulness.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.477-486
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• 1998

In this paper, we implemented the urine analysis system capable of measuring a qualitative and semi-quantitative and assay using strip. The analysis algorithm of urine analysis was adopted a fuzzy logic-based classifiers that was robust to external error factors such as temperature and electric power noises. The spectroscopic properties of 9 pads In a strip were studied to developing the urine analysis system was designed for robustnesss and stability. The urine analysis system was consisted of hardware and software. The hardware of the urine analysis system was based on one-chip microprocessor, and Its peripherals which composed of optic modulo, tray control, preamplifier, communication with PC, thermal printer and operating status indicator. The software of the urine analysis system was composed of system program and classification program. The system program did duty fort system control, data acquisition and data analysis. The classification program was composed of fuzzy inference engine and membership function generator. The membership function generator made triangular membership functions by statical method for quality control. Resulted data was transferred through serial cable to PC. The transferred data was arranged and saved be data acquisition program coded by C+ + language. The precision of urine analysis system and the stability of fuzzy classifier were evaluated by testing the standard urine samples. Experimental results showed a good stability states and a exact classification.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a new fall-prevention exercise intervention for the community-dwelling elderly and to examine the effects of program. Methods: A total of 7 older adults were participated in a 10-week fall-prevention exercise intervention (1 day per a week in community centers, 2 days per a week in a home). The exercise program consisted of warming-up, extension exercises, muscle strength exercises, balance exercises, and finishing exercise. Data were collected before the exercise and after 10 weeks of exercise. In this study, muscle strength of lower limbs was measured by 10 times of standing up and sitting on a chair. Static balance was measured by one-leg standing, and dynamic balance was measured by 6 meter walking. Results: After a 10-week exercise program, muscle strength of lower limbs (t=4.18, p<.05), statical balance were significantly improved (left leg, t=-3.11, p<.05; right leg, t=-4.56, p<.05). Seven of 11 items measuring fear of falls were significantly decreased (p<.05), and dynamic balance tended to be improved (p=.117). Conclusion: This result suggests that evidence-based, fall-prevention exercise program can improve muscle strength, static and dynamic balance, and fear of falling in the community living elderly.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.5B
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• pp.397-408
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• 2009

In this study, a stochastic precipitation generation framework for simultaneous simulation of daily precipitation at multiple sites is presented. The precipitation occurrence at individual sites is generated using hybrid-order Markov chain model which allows higher-order dependence for dry sequences. The precipitation amounts are reproduced using Anscombe residuals and gamma distributions. Multisite spatial correlations in the precipitation occurrence and amount series are represented with spatially correlated random numbers. The proposed model is applied for a network of 17 locations in the middle of Korean peninsular. Evaluation statistics are reported by generating 50 realizations of the precipitation of length equal to the observed record. The analysis of results show that the model reproduces wet day number, wet and dry day spell, and mean and standard deviation of wet day amount fairly well. However, mean values of 50 realizations of generated precipitation series yield around 23% Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of the average value of observed maximum numbers of consecutive wet and dry days and 17% RMSE of the average value of observed annual maximum precipitations for return periods of 100 and 200 years. The provided model also reproduces spatial correlations in observed precipitation occurrence and amount series accurately.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 2010

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is bacterial infection, with more than half of the world population infected and oral cavity is considered second reservoir of H. pylori infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate role of oral cavity in H. pylori infection by comparison of the mode H. pylori infection in oral cavity and stomach. We recruited 100 subjects without systemic disease including gastrointestinal disease. Samples in oral cavity taken on gingival sulcus fluid(GSF) of lower left central incisor and 1st molar, area of buccal mucosa, dorsum of the tongue, palatal and saliva. We analyzed by Nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR) for oral infection and Urea Breath Test(UBT) for gastric infection. The results were as follows : 1. Among these 100 subjects, 36(36%) were positive by Nested PCR and 33(33%) were positive by UBT(p>0.05). 2. In detection rate of H. pylori in sites taken sample, 11(11%), 8(8%), 9(9%), 3(3%), 9(9%), 7(7%) were positive on GSF of lower left central incisor and 1st molar, area of buccal mucosa, dorsum of the tongue, palatal and saliva, respectively. Statical significance was observed in samples of GSF of lower left central incisor and area of dorsum of the tongue(p<0.05). 3. In comparison of the mode of H. pylori infection in oral cavity and stomach by analytic method, positive in oral cavity and stomach was 10(10%), negative in oral cavity and positive in stomach was 23(23%), positive in oral cavity and negative in stomach was 26(26%) and negative in oral cavity and stomach was 41(41%)(p>0.05). Conclusively, we can guess that oral H. pylori is not associated with gastric H. pylori infection and normal flora.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.303-309
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the effects of OA on metaphase of meiosis II and the mitochondrial activity of cytoplasm in bovine cumulus oocytes complexes(COCs) during in vitro maturation. Hanwoo COCs were collected from the slaughterhouse cow ovaries and matured in TCM199 supplemented with $0.1\%$ PVA, 0.2 uM, 2 uM, 20 uM OA for the maturation rate of OA concentration. For the maturation effects between OA and cycloheximide(CX), COCs were matured in TCM199 with 25 ug/mL CX, 25 ug/mL CX (6 hrs culture) plus 2 uM OA or 2 uM OA only at a atmosphere $5\%\;CO_2,\;95\%$ air $39^{\circ}C$ for 6, 12, 24 hrs. To evaluate the nuclear types of matured COCs, cumulus cells were removedby $0.5\%$ hyaluronidase sol. and oocytes were fixed in 1:3 acetic acid ethyl alcohol for 30 sec. and then stained with $0.1\%$ basic Fuchsin sol. For the detection of fluoriscent intensity (FI) of matures oocytes, cumulus cells were removed same as performed above and were stained with 20 nM mite tracker for 20 min. at $39^{\circ}C$. Mitochondrial activity of FI in matured oocytes was imaged by laser conforcal microscopy (Fluoview, Olympus, Japan) and were measured scanned face on 5 um from median to endpoint of oocytes. Statical analysis of nuclear types observed the three replicates was carried out with ANOVA and Fisher's protected least significant difference test using the STATVIEW program. FI of matures oocytes was compared the multiples of the least intensity among the measured oocytes. Maturing in TCM199 supplemented with $0.1\%$ PVA, 0.2 uM, 2 uM, 20 uM OA, metaphase B were showed 72.0, 50.0, 70.0, $68.8\%$, respectively and there were different significant(p<0.05). In the case of treatment with OA and CX, metaphase were $73.8\%,\;8.2\%,\;45.5\%,\;73.7\%$ in $0.1\%$ PVA-TCM199, 25 ug/mL CX, 25 ug/mL CX plus OA or 2uM OA only, respeclively. FI was revealed the increasing tendency during the process of maturation. Whereas FI in CX was decreased about 3 times compared to the other treatments of 6 hrs maturation. We conclude that OA regulates bovine COCs maturation and induces the mitochondrial activity during the process of maturation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.93-102
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• 2005

An Origin-Destination (O/D) is considered as one of the important information in route choices and trip assignments. A household interview survey is deemed to be the traditional and the most widely used method in making sample O/D and its conversion to the total O/D. Some researchers have studied to estimate dynamic O/D from the relationship between link volumes and trip assignment model. Nowadays, owing to the recent rapid spread of cellular phones. Location information of the cellular phone through the Base Station(BS) is considered as an alternative to O/D estimation. In this study, the methodology of generating BS-based O/D and the methodology of converting this O/D into an administrative district-based O/D are proposed. The information of GPS positions and cellular BS positions have acquired by establishing GPS equipment and cellular phone on taxies in Cheongju. Three weeks data are collected and used in estimating O/D by matching them on a digital map. Scatter diagram and sample correlation coefficients are used to investigate the similarity of the GPS-based O/D pattern among weeks, among days, and among times in day. The results show that there are few significant differences among weeks. But there is a difference in O/C pattern between weekday and weekend. Furthermore, there is a difference between morning peak and afternoon peak. Two methodologies are proposed to convert BS-based O/D into an administrative district-based O/D. The first one is to use the distribution pattern of GPS coordinates, the other is to use the coverage area of the BSs. To validate such converted O/D, GPS O/D is used as a true value. The statical analyses through scatter diagram, MAE and RMSE shows that there is few significant defference of pattern between the estimated BS-based O/D and GPS O/D. In the case of using only cellular information, the methodology using coverage area of the BSs is recommended for estimating O/D.