• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.253-259
• /
• 1997

Holstein Friesian and Jersey crossbreds are being widely introduced in the state of Gujarat in India. This paper evaluates feeding practices at farm level and examines whether the crossbreds fit into the existing mixed farm systems. Over a period of four years milk-offtake and feeds offered were recorded for 1331 cows at fortnightly intervals. The breed and the amount of concentrates fed contributed most to the variation in milk offtake. The introduction of crossbred cattle has a major impact on smallholder mixed farming systems. Crossbreds produced, on average, 1.8 times more milk than Desi, Gir, and Kankrej cows. They were fed 1.4 times more concentrates, and about 1.2 times more green and dry feeds than local cows. The major limiting constraint is the quality of the roughages offered. Farmers with crossbreds try to adjust their feeding of concentrates according to the needs of their cows. On tribal farms, local cows produced less milk than on non-tribal farms, whereas crossbreds produced the same amount of milk on both tribal and non-tribal farms. Crossbreds fit into the farming systems of both tribal and non-tribal farmers. The differences in agro-climatic characteristics between different areas in Gujarat were not reflected in differences in milk offtakes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.18-26
• /
• 2004

This study evaluated the impact of an AI heifer calf rearing scheme on dairy stock development, in a coconut grazing and a peri-urban smallholder dairy production system in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. The heifer rearing scheme included free advice on calf rearing, drugs, acaricides, minerals and subsidised concentrates for 30 months. The farmers in the coconut growing area integrate dairying with their plantation, they sell their milk to the main processors. The peri-urban farmers are intensive milk producers, who sell their milk at informal markets. To estimate the effect of the heifer rearing scheme on dairy replacement stock development, scheme farmers were compared with farmers who did not participate in the scheme. Calf mortality was twice as high in non-scheme farms (23-28%) as in scheme farms (12-14%). The scheme had a positive effect on weight development and scheme heifers calved 4.5 months earlier than non-scheme heifers. The calf rearing package is cost effective in both farming systems, however, the required cash inputs are a major constraint. The costs per in-calf heifer under the scheme are much lower than the production of such animals by either multiplication in state farms or importing them. The coconut grazing system showed the highest potential for producing surplus dairy stock.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.135-145
• /
• 2020

Recently, deep-learning based methods for low-light image enhancement accomplish great success through supervised learning. However, they still suffer from the lack of sufficient training data due to difficulty of obtaining a large amount of low-/normal-light image pairs in real environments. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised learning approach for single low-light image enhancement using the bright channel prior (BCP), which gives the constraint that the brightest pixel in a small patch is likely to be close to 1. With this prior, pseudo ground-truth is first generated to establish an unsupervised loss function. The proposed enhancement network is then trained using the proposed unsupervised loss function. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt that performs a low-light image enhancement through unsupervised learning. In addition, we introduce a self-attention map for preserving image details and naturalness in the enhanced result. We validate the proposed method on various public datasets, demonstrating that our method achieves competitive performance over state-of-the-arts.

• Journal of Distribution Research
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.107-134
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify perception level of QR and the usage level of QR technologes and to examine the relationships between the firm characteristics and the usage level of QR technologes and QR adoption in domestic fashon industry. Using the usage levels of QR technologes and QR adoption as the dependent variables, the selected firm characteristics, as independent variables, were firm size, perception level of QR benefits, and product characteristics. The findings from the empirical analysis of this study can be summarized as follows : Firm size and perception level of QR benefits were significantly associated with the usage level of QR technologies and adoption. Product characteristics were partly associated with QR adoption. The four elements were partly associated with QR adoption. Most of the QR adopters were using the QR technologies, and will tend to have four elements. From the results of this study, the researcher expects the information from this study to contributes to the body of knowlege about the identification, adoption and utilization of component technologies for QR management systems and draws several counterproposal as follows : The advancement of domestic fashion industry is possible through the systematic adoption of QR by the collaboration of the government & the industry. Most nonadopter had financial problems as a constraint to QR adoption. Financial supports are needed from trade associations and government. The fashion industry may promote the type of smart QR. The type of smart QR means usage level of QR technologies which reflect the firm characteristics and the actual industry state in domestic fashion industry. The fashion industry may establish information technology network (i. e., EDI, POS, EOS) between relative industry such as fiber, apparel manufacturers, retailers. The related industry should make a partnership.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.1390-1405
• /
• 2014

This paper investigates optimal relay selection and power allocation under an aggregate power constraint for cooperative wireless sensor networks assisted by amplify-and-forward relay nodes. By considering both transmission power and circuit power consumptions, the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the destination node is calculated, based on which, a relay selection and power allocation scheme is developed. The core idea is to adaptively adjust the selected relays and their transmission power to maximize the received SNR according to the channel state information. The proposed scheme is derived by recasting the optimization problem into a three-layered problem-determining the number of relays to be activated, selecting the active relays, and performing power allocation among the selected relays. Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides a higher received SNR and a lower bit error rate as compared to the average power allocation scheme.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.11 no.9
• /
• pp.4510-4526
• /
• 2017

Most available methods of facial gender recognition work well under a constrained situation, but the performances of these methods have decreased significantly when they are implemented under unconstrained environments. In this paper, a method via low-rank and collaborative representation is proposed for facial gender recognition in the wild. Firstly, the low-rank decomposition is applied to the face image to minimize the negative effect caused by various corruptions and dynamical illuminations in an unconstrained environment. And, we employ the collaborative representation to be as the classifier, which using the much weaker $l_2-norm$ sparsity constraint to achieve similar classification results but with significantly lower complexity. The proposed method combines the low-rank and collaborative representation to an organic whole to solve the task of facial gender recognition under unconstrained environments. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks including AR, CAS-PERL and YouTube are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with several state-of-the-art algorithms, our method has overwhelming superiority in the aspects of accuracy and robustness.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.67-72
• /
• 2011

The proportion of the welding in the production process of machinery, buildings and marine structures is increasing and the joining are mainly conducted by butt and fillet weld. In the case of fillet weld, the shape of structures is complicated depending on the constraint on the geometry of the structures, therefore, the full penetration is mostly difficult. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish safe and economical criteria of design of the structures through the strength based on the penetration state of the fillet weld. Patterns of fatigue failure in cruciform fillet weld jont appear in the form of the root, toe and mixed failure. In the case of toe and mixed failure, the fatigue strength is higher than root failure. Therefore, we have to make the enough depth of penetration or perform the welding work through improving the fatigue strength of cruciform joints in welded structures. So it is necessary to optimize the penetrated depth in the range of the possible mixed failure and find the way in the cost-effective design to lessen the amount of the welding work.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2008.06a
• /
• pp.318-319
• /
• 2008

In this article, magnetic properties of multiferroic bi-layer $BiFeO_3$ (BFO)/$BaTiO_3$ (BTO) thin films were studied. It was found that the magnetization increased by the insertion of BTO buffer layer even though the interfacial stress was slightly relaxed, which indicated a coupling between the ferroelectric and ferromagnetic orders. Furthermore, with slightly increase of BFO film thickness, both BFO and BFO/BTO bi-layer films showed anisotropic magnetic properties with higher in-plane magnetization than the values measured out-of-plane. These are attributable to strain constraint effect at the interface.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.7C
• /
• pp.624-632
• /
• 2005

We consider an adaptive bit-loading technique for bit interleaved coded modulation-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(BICM-OFDM) systems. By adjusting transmission parameter of each subcarrier adaptively depending on the subchannel state, the performance of OFDM system can be improved dramatically. In this paper, the number of bits for each subcarrier is allocated to minimize bit error rate keeping the constant throughput for the adaptive transmission technique of BICM-OFDM system which can be applied to real time transmission. Also, We use the discrete Lagrange multiplier method to get the optimum solution under the integer bit allocation constraint. Simulation results show that computational amount of the proposed bit allocation technique is not high and BICM-OfDM system using the proposed technique can get the SNR gain by 2$\~$3 dB over nonadaptive one.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.272-281
• /
• 1988

The problem of optimal transmission system planning is to find the most economical locations and time of transmission line construction under the various constraints such as available rights-of-way, finances, the technical characteristics of power system, and the reliability criterion of power supply, and so on. In this paper the constraint of right-of-way is represented as a finite set of available rights-of-way. And the constructed for a unit period. The electrical constraints are represented in terms of line overload and steady state stability margin. And the reliability criterion is dealt with the suppression of failure cost and with single-contingency analysis. In general, the transmission planning problem requires integer solutions and its objective function is nonlinear. In this paper the objective function is defined as a sum of the present values of construction cost and the minimum operating cost of power system. The latter is represented as a sum of generation cost and failure cost considering the change of yearly load, economic dispatch, and the line contingency. For the calculation of operating cost linear programming is adopted on the base of DC load flow calculation, and for the optimization of main objective function nonlinear Branch-and-Bound algorithm is used. Finally, for improving the efficiency of B & B algorithm a new sensitivity analysis algorithm is proposed.