• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.241-260
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• 2009

Shape control of flexible structures using piezoelectric materials has attracted much attention due to its wide applications in controllable systems such as space and aeronautical engineering. The major work in the field is to find a best control voltage or an optimal placement of the piezoelectric actuators in order to actuate the structure shape as close as possible to the desired one. The current research focus on the investigation of static shape control of intelligent shells using spatially distributed piezoelectric curve beam actuators. The finite element formulation of the piezoelectric model is briefly described. The piezoelectric curve beam element is then integrated into a collocated host shell element by using nodal displacement constraint equations. The linear least square method (LLSM) is employed to get the optimum voltage distributions in the control system so that the desired structure shape can be well matched. Furthermore, to find the optimal placement of the piezoelectric curve beam actuators, a genetic algorithm (GA) is introduced in the computation model as well as the consideration of the different objective functions. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical model and numerical algorithm developed.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.336-344
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• 2002

병행 객체지향언어에서 상속성과 병행성은 가장 중요한 특성이다. 하지만, 상속성과 병행성은 상충적인 특성을 가지고 있기 때문에 이들을 병행으로 사용할 경우, 객체 내부의 코드 재정의를 요구하는 상속변칙이 발생된다. 본 논문에서는 캡슐화의 손상 없이 상속변칙을 해결하기 위해 상태 추상화 개념을 도입하였다 이를 통해 캡슐화된 객체의 내부 상태를 추상형 상태로 사상하였고, 효율적인 상속을 위해 상속 인터페이스를 설계하였다. 추상형 상태 집합을 가진 상속 인터페이스를 통해 메소드의 재정의가 발생하더라도 상속 계층 내에 존재하는 클래스들에 미치는 영향을 제거함으로써 상속변칙 문제를 해결하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권8호
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• pp.1387-1401
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• 2018

An aircraft impact (AI) on a nuclear power plant (NPP) is considered to be a beyond-design-basis event that draws considerable attention in the nuclear field. As some NPPs have already adopted the seismic isolation technology, and there are relevant standards to guide the application of this technology in future NPPs, a new challenge is that nuclear power engineers have to determine a reasonable method for performing AI analysis of base-isolated NPPs. Hence, dynamic influences of the seismic isolation on the vibration and structural damage characteristics of the base-isolated CPR1000 containment are studied under various aircraft loads. Unlike the seismic case, the impact energy of AI is directly impacting on the superstructure. Under the coupled influence of the seismic isolation and the various AI load, the flexible isolation layer weakens the constraint function of the foundation on the superstructure, the results show that the seismic isolation bearings will produce a large horizontal deformation if the AI load is large enough, the acceleration response at the base-mat will also be significantly affected by the different horizontal stiffness of the isolation bearing. These concerns require consideration during the design of the seismic isolation system.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.76-85
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• 2022

One of the most fundamental challenges when designing controllers for dynamic systems is the adjustment of controller parameters. Usually the system model is used to get the initial controller, but eventually the controller parameters must be manually adjusted in the real system to achieve the best performance. To avoid this manual tuning step, data-driven methods such as machine learning were used. Recently, reinforcement learning became one alternative of this problem to be considered as an agent learns policies in large state space with trial-and-error Markov Decision Process (MDP) which is widely used in the field of robotics. However, on initial training step, as an agent tries to explore to the new state space with random action and acts directly on the controller parameters in real systems, MDP can lead the system safety-critical system failures. Therefore, the issue of 'safe exploration' became important. In this paper we meet 'safe exploration' condition with Control Barrier Function (CBF) which converts direct constraints on the state space to the implicit constraint of the control inputs. Given an initial low-performance controller, it automatically optimizes the parameters of the control law while ensuring safety by the CBF so that the agent can learn how to predict and control unknown and often stochastic environments. Simulation results on a quadrotor UAV indicate that the proposed method can safely optimize controller parameters quickly and automatically.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.648-658
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• 2018

Regarding the fact that wind power forecast accuracy is gradually improved as time is approaching, this paper proposes a two-stage rolling dispatch approach based on model predictive control (MPC), which contains an intra-day rolling optimal scheme and a real-time rolling base point tracing scheme. The scheduled output of the intra-day rolling scheme is set as the reference output, and the real-time rolling scheme is based on MPC which includes the leading rolling optimization and lagging feedback correction strategy. On the basis of the latest measured thermal unit output feedback, the closed-loop optimization is formed to correct the power deviation timely, making the unit output smoother, thus reducing the costs of power adjustment and promoting wind power accommodation. We adopt chance constraint to describe forecasts uncertainty. Then for reflecting the increasing prediction precision as well as the power dispatcher's rising expected satisfaction degree with reliable system operation, we set the confidence level of reserve constraints at different timescales as the incremental vector. The expectation of up/down reserve shortage is proposed to assess the adequacy of the upward/downward reserve. The studies executed on the modified IEEE RTS system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제7권11호
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• pp.2616-2635
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• 2013

In this paper, we propose an iterative transceiver design in a multi-relay multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. The design criterion is to minimize sum mean squared error (SMSE) under relay sum power constraint (RSPC) where only local channel state information (CSI)s are available at relays. Local CSI at a relay is defined as the CSI of the channel between BS and the relay in the $1^{st}$ hop link, and the CSI of the channel between the relay and all users in the $2^{nd}$ hop link. Exploiting BS transmitter structure which is concatenated with block diagonalization (BD) precoder, each relay's precoder can be determined using local CSI at the relay. The proposed scheme is based on sequential iteration of two stages; stage 1 determines BS transmitter and relay precoders jointly with SMSE duality, and stage 2 determines user receivers. We verify that the proposed scheme outperforms simple amplify-and-forward (SAF), minimum mean squared error (MMSE) relay, and an existing good scheme of [13] in terms of both SMSE and sum-rate performances.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2016

Microgrids offer several reliability benefits, such as the improvement of load-point reliability and the opportunity for reliability-differentiated services. The primary goal of this work is to investigate the impacts of operating condition on the reliability index for microgrid system. It relies on a component failure rate model which quantifies the relationship between component failure rate and state variables. Some parameters involved are characterized by subjective uncertainty. Thus, fuzzy numbers are introduced to represent such parameters, and an optimization model based on Fuzzy Chance Constrained Programming (FCCP) is established for reliability index calculation. In addition, we present a hybrid algorithm which combines scenario enumeration and fuzzy simulation as a solution tool. The simulations in a microgrid test system show that reliability indices without considering operating condition can often prove to be optimistic. We also investigate two groups of situations, which include the different penetration levels of microsource and different confidence levels. The results support the necessity of considering operating condition for achieving accurate reliability evaluation.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.65-80
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• 2014

This paper reports on the development of a minimum cost design model and its application for obtaining economic designs for reinforced High Strength Concrete (HSC) T-sections in bending under ultimate limit state conditions. Cost objective functions, behavior constraint including material nonlinearities of steel and HSC, conditions on strain compatibility in steel and concrete and geometric design variable constraints are derived and implemented within the Conjugate Gradient optimization algorithm. Particular attention is paid to problem formulation, solution behavior and economic considerations. A typical example problem is considered to illustrate the applicability of the minimum cost design model and solution methodology. Results are confronted to design solutions derived from conventional design office methods to evaluate the performance of the cost model and its sensitivity to a wide range of unit cost ratios of construction materials and various classes of HSC described in Eurocode2. It is shown, among others that optimal solutions achieved using the present approach can lead to substantial savings in the amount of construction materials to be used. In addition, the proposed approach is practically simple, reliable and computationally effective compared to standard design procedures used in current engineering practice.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.16-23
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• 2020

This paper describes an alignment algorithm that estimates the initial heading angle of AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) for starting navigation in a sea area. In the basic dead reckoning system, the initial orientation of the vehicle is very important. In particular, the initial heading value is an essential factor in determining the performance of the entire navigation system. However, the heading angle of AUVs cannot be measured accurately because the DCS (Digital Compass) corrupted by surrounding magnetic field in pointing true north direction of the absolute global coordinate system (not the same to magnetic north direction). Therefore, we constructed an experimental constraint and designed an algorithm based on extended Kalman filter using only inertial navigation sensors and a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver basically. The value of sensor covariance was selected by comparing the navigation results with the reference data. The proposed filter estimates the initial heading angle of AUVs for navigation in a sea area and reflects sampling characteristics of each sensor. Finally, we verify the performance of the filter through experiments.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2001

다중 반송파방식 무선 LAN에서는 오류정정을 위해 구속장(constraint length : K)이 7인 64-state 길쌈부호를 사용하며, 복호기로 비터비 복호기를 사용한다. 비터비 복호기의 동작속도로는 24 Mbps의 입력 데이터에 대해 12MHz 이상의 처리속도를 가져야한다. 이와 같이 고속의 비터비 부호기를 설계하기 위해서는 일반적으로 32조의 병렬 나비구조 ACS를 갖도록 한다. 병렬 나비구조 ACS를 갖는 비터비 복호기를 설계할 경우 단일 ACS 구조에 비해 상태 메트릭 메모리(state-metric memory), 역추적 메모리(trace back memory)를 관리하는 복잡한 제어회로가 필요하지 않다. 그러나 많은 ACS을 사용함으로 하드웨어의 복잡도가 증가하게 된다. 이에 대해, 본 연구에서는 모든 상태에서 코드워드를 발생시키는 별개의 회로를 단순한 연산으로 대체하며, ACS 기능을 위해 고속 저 전력 시스템에 용이한 새로운 가지값(branch metric)계산방법을 개발하여 적용한다. 그리고 역추적 과정 시 고속 저 전력동작을 위해 one-pointer방법을 채용하여 전체적으로 저 전력 비터비 복호기를 설계한다.