• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.116-121
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• 1991

The effects of water contents and surfactants, sodium stearoyl-lactylate, sucrose ester and distilled monoglyceride(Dimodan) on wheat starch gelatinization and retrogradation were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The endothermic peak patterns of starch varied with water content of starch. When water content was less than 30%, gelatinization did not occur. The onset temperature of gelatinization peak of native starch was $59{\sim}60^{\circ}C$ and that of endothermal peak of retrograded starch was $50{\sim}55^{\circ}C$. The enthalpy value of retrograded starch were greatest in the $40{\sim}50%$ water content. In the presence of surfactants, gelatinization temperatures shifted slightly to higher temperatures. DSC endothermal enthalpies of the amylose-lipid complex increased. The degree of retrogradation in starch was lower with surfactant than without surfactant, but enthalpy of amylose-lipid complex did not change during storage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.515-520
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• 1989

The composition of lipid class and fatty acid of free lipids(FL) as non-starch lipid and bound lipids(BL) as starch-lipid extracted from starch In naked barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) was investigated with the chromatographic procedures. FL were extracted from barley starch by petroleum ether(PE) and then BL were reextracted from PE extracted starch by the solvent systems of water-saturated butanol (WSB) at $25^{\circ}C$ and at $95^{\circ}C$ respectively. The contents of neutral lipid(NL), glycolipids(GL) and phospholipids(PL) in FL were 69.9%, 27.3%, and 2.8%, on the other hand those of BL were 34.9-54.6%, 30-45.5% and 15.4-19.6%, respectively. The identified components of NL in starch-lipid were triglycerides (70.4-82.4%), free fatty acid (8.4-26.2%), esterified sterols and free sterols, and also the major GL in starch-lipid was monogalactos-yldiglycerides(87.2-91.1%). Of the PL in FL and BL, diphosphatidyl glycerols, lysophosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl choline & phosphatidyl serine were the major components. The predominent fatty acids found in NL, GL and PL of barley starch were palmitic acid and linoleic acid, and also myristic, stearic, oleic, linolenic acids were determined.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.72-72
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• 2003

A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary glucose, dextrin and starch on growth and body composition of juvenile starry flounder. Triplicate groups of fish (average weight, 9.7 g) were fed iso-nitrogenous (53% CP) and iso-caloric (3.8 kcal/g diet) diets containing 20% glucose, 20% dextrin and 5-25% alpha-potato starch with 5-14% lipid levels. Survival was not affected by dietary carbohydrate. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the diet containing 20% glucose were the lowest among all groups. The best weight gain was observed in fish fed the diets containing 20% dextrin. Growth and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary -potato starch level. Lipid contents of whole body and liver were not affected by dietary glucose, dextrin and starch at the same level. However, the lipid contents tended to decrease with increasing dietary starch level and those of fish fed the diets containing 5% alpha-potato starch were significantly higher than those receiving 10-25% alpha-potato starch. Liver glycogen content and hepatosomatic index tended to increase with increasing dietary starch level. These results indicate that juvenile starry flounder are able to efficiently utilize dextrin and -potato starch compare to glucose in diets and that alpha-potato starch could be incorporated up to 25% in the diet for optimum growth by juvenile starry flounder.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 1994

The sensory and instrumental characteristics of defatted and lipid-reintroduced kidney bean, mung bean and corn starch gels stored for 3 hrs and 24 hrs at room temperature were investigated. In sensory evaluation of starch gels, acceptability was highly correlated with hardness, bend property, cohesiveness and springiness. Mung bean starch gels showed sinigficantly highest value and followed by corn and kidney bean starch gels. Generally as for these factors, defatted starch gels were higher than untreated ones. The properties of defatted and lipid-reintroduced corn starch gels were similar to those of mung bean starch gels. In instrumental analysis, hardness was more important factor than any other ones. Hardness showed significantly higher value in the other of mung bean, corn and kidney bean starch gels, but it was highest in defatted starch gels among all treated gels. Hardness and springiness of defatted and lipid-reintroduced corn starch gels were similar to those of mung bean starch gels. Hardness of 24 hr stored starch gels increased more than that of 3 hr stored ones, but other textural factors did not change.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of the starch concentration of filled hydrogel and the addition of ${\alpha}-amylase$ and simulated mastication processing in an oral phase on lipid digestion and ${\beta}-carotene$ bioaccessibility of filled hydrogels. Methods: Lipid digestion and ${\beta}-carotene$ bioaccessibility of the filled hydrogels were measured after the samples were passed through an in vitro gastrointestinal tract model consisting of oral, gastric, and small intestinal phases. Results: The initial rate and final extent of lipid digestion were higher in the filled hydrogels than in the emulsion when the filled hydrogels were treated in an oral phase without simulated mastication processing and addition of ${\alpha}-amylase$, regardless of starch concentration. However, when the filled hydrogels were minced using mortar and pestle for 2 min and were exposed to ${\alpha}-amylase$, the filled hydrogel fabricated with 5% starch showed the lowest lipid digestion rate and extent compared to the emulsion and other filled hydrogels. Bioaccessibility of ${\beta}-carotene$ was higher in the filled hydrogels than in the emulsion, regardless of the digestion method performed in an oral phase and starch concentration. However, there were appreciable differences in bioaccessibility of the filled hydrogels depending on whether or not simulated mastication and addition of ${\alpha}-amylase$ were employed. Conclusion: These results suggested that the rheological properties of initial filled hydrogels and simulated mastication processing in an oral phase plays an important role in determining the lipid digestion and ${\beta}-carotene$ bioacccessibility entrapped within filled hydrogels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional effects of resistant starch, cellulose and pectin on growth rate, metabolic energy and apparent digestibility in rats. Forty eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments, Rats were fed, ad libitum one of six experimental diets: 5% of resistant starch (RS), 5% of cellulose (CE), 5% of pection(PT), 2.5% resistant starch and 2.5% cellulose(RS+CE), 2.5% resistant starch and 2.5% pectin(RS+PT), and 2.5% cellulose and 2.5% pectin (CE+PT) during 4 weeks. The results obtained were as follows: body weight gain were higher in groups RS and CE, compared with that in the group PT, where other groups such as RS+CE, RS+PT and CE+PT showed no significant differences to the RS group. Food intake and food efficiency into showed the same patterns. Metabolic energy were similar in the RS and CE, and was the lowest the metabolic energy in the group CE+PT was significantly low. Apparent digestibility of protein was significantly higher in the group RS, compared with the groups CE and PT. Apparent digestibility of mixed dietary fiber groups such as the RS+CE, RS+PT and CE+PT group were also higher compared with the group PT. Apparent digestibility of lipid were significantly higher in the groups RS, CE and PT. Apparent digestibility of lipid in the mixed pectin groups such as the RS+PT and CE+PT growth rate, metabolic energy and apparent digestibility of lipid in the mixed pectin groups such as the RS+PT and CE+PT recorded the lowest, while that of the group RS+CE was significantly high. From above results, following was concluded: The growth rate, metabolic energy and apparent digestibility of protein and lipid of group RS were significantly higher in comparision with the group PT, while availability of energy nutrients of group CE was similar to that of the group RS. Also resistant starch fed with pectin(RS+PT) seemed to have increased the growth rate and the apparent digestibility of protein compared with those of the group PT fed with pectin(PT) alone, however RS+PT scemed to have the apparent digestibility of lipid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.199-205
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• 1996

The effects of several carbohydrate sources on plasma, liver and fecal lipid contents of rats fed diet containing sucrose, corn starch, brown rice, milled rice or wheat flour with 0.3% cholesterol for four weeks were investigated. Plasma triglyceride and total cholestrol increased significntly in sucrose group, and decreased significantly in milled rice group compared to other three groups. There were no significant differences in plasma lipid contents among corn starch, brown rice and wheat flour groups. The contents of liver triglyceride and cholesterol in brown rice group decreased significantly compared to there four groups. Fecal excretion of total cholesterol in rice and wheat flour groups was significantly higher than in sucrose and corn starch groups. The contents of fecal bile acid increased significantly in milled rice and brown rice groups compared to other three groups. Fecal bile acid content of wheat flour group was similar to those of sucrose and corn starch group. From these results, it is suggested that rice has a possibility of hypolipidemic effect in cholesterol fed rat.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.219-227
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• 1992

Formation, cellular distribution and structural changes of storage lipid, and active site and cellular localization of lipase in endosperms and cotyledons of lipid-rich seeds such as Helianthus annuus, Ricinus communis and Pinus koraiensis, and in those of starch-rich seeds such as Pisum sativum and Zea mays were investigated in relation to the seed development by cytochemical methods. In endosperms and storage cotyledons of lipid- and starch-rich seeds after seed-gathering, there were widely distributed storage material which was composed of spherical protein bodies, spherosomes, and starch granules. But cellular organelles were hardly observed in the cytoplasm. Staining pattern of vesicles released from SER, and of low electron dense membraneous granules, which were perhaps at an early stage of spherosomes, were the same as in the spherosome. Electrondense granules released from RER were observed in the vicinity of plasma membrane. As a result of lipid staining, the spherosomes were more electron dense and were uniform as compared with the protein matrix within the protein body and cytoplasmic proteinaceous granules. The major component of the spherosome was determinated to be lipid. Spherosomes and vesicles containing SER-released materials showed the same as in the electron density. Lipase activity was especially strong in the inner region and on the surface of decomposed spherosomes and near the plasma membrane.mbrane.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.105-111
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• 2009

In this study, we carried out an experiment for estimation the larval digestibility in aspects which digestive enzymatic activities and nutrition of the rotifers, Brachionus rotundiformis. Thus we enhanced the digestive enzymatic activity through the addition of starch for the increase of digestibility of rotifer (starch-rotifer), and compared with the feed efficiency through rearing of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus used rotifer lipid-enriched with Algamac $2000^{(R)}$ (CE-rotifer). The digestive enzyme activities (except for TG-lipase), total protein contents, total essential amino acid, essential amino acids (methionin and phenylalanine) of starch-rotifer (the rotifer used a starch as additive, and enriched not) was assayed significantly higher than CE-rotifer (P<0.05). And total lipid, lipid classes (except for sterol) and fatty acids as DHA and EPA showed higher in CE-rotifer than starch-rotifer (P<0.05). But, sterol contents and ST/TG ratio were shown significantly higher in starch-rotifer (P<0.05). The flounder larvae supplied the two rotifers showed standard length and body weight that not significantly differed with ranges $3.72{\sim}3.79\;mm$ and $32.9{\sim}37.8\;mg$/larva on 6 days after hatching (DAH), respectively (P>0.05). However, these of 12 DAH showed the values of significantly higher to $5.94{\pm}0.249\;mm$, $144.0{\pm}23.86\;mg$/larva and $26.2{\pm}12.13%$ in standard length, body weight and survival in CE-flounder than that of starch-flounder (P<0.05). The hydrolytic enzymatic activities of flounder larvae severally supplied the two rotifers showed the significantly higher activities in acidic -amylase, neutral -amylase, TG-lipase, lysozyme and acidic phosphatase in starch-flounder on 5 DAH (P<0.05). But neutral $\alpha$-amylase, three proteases and two phosphatases of CE-flounder on 11 DAH showed the significantly higher activities than that of starch-flounder (P<0.05). Therefore, for the flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus larvae just depleted yolk was more beneficial to supply the feed, rotifer, enhanced the digestibility than to supply the feed lipid-enriched for aspect of larval digestibility up to 6 DAH, thereafter nutrition of absorption due to the development of digestive organs suggested that enrichment effect appeared with larval somatic growth. Consequently, investigation more detailed about the larval digestive physiological and nutritional requirement variations after 6 DAH will be necessary, thereafter.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.103-107
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• 1980

This study was conducted to compare the effect of dietary sucrose and starch on the lipid metabolism of Rat fed by low protein diet for 3 and 6 weeks periods. Forty male weanling Spargue-Dawley rats weighing 52.7 grams each, after being adopted for 2 days with standard diet, were blocked into 8 groups and fed experimental diet as designed. Experimental diet were composed of two different levels of proteins, 6% designed as low protein diet and 15% designed as standard protein diet. In each group, the content of serum lipid, serum cholesterol and liver lipid were measured. The results of this experiment were summerized as follows. 1. liver lipid content was tended to be high in the sucrose group of low protein fed animal. 2. the content of total serum lipid was tended to be high in the sucrose group, and this tendency was showed statistical significance in the animals fed by low and standard protein after 6 weeks of experimental period. 3. The difference in the total serum cholesterol content between the sucrose and starch group was not significant