• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제66권
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• pp.90-97
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• 2023

The effect of citric acid on rice starch gelatinization and low-temperature (4 ℃) storage was studied in order to produce rice cake with a lower retrogradation rate. A citric acid solution in the ratio of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% (w/w) of the water used during production was utilized. The gelatinization properties, gel strength, thermal properties, and texture analysis were evaluated to determine the retrogradation rate. The result showed that acid hydrolysis occurred in samples treated with citric acid. Thus, increasing citric acid decreased gelatinization temperature (58.63±1.98 to 45.84±1.24 ℃). The moduli of elasticity increased with increasing citric acid concentration, indicating an increased gel strength. Thermal analysis of starch showed that the onset, peak, and conclusion temperatures of retrogradation were increased significantly with the storage period and decreased with citric acid concentration. After 72 h of low-temperature storage (4 ℃), the retrogradation rate was lowest in the rice cake with 1.5% citric acid solution, with an increased ratio of 12.01 to 13.60% compared to the control sample, with a ratio of 12.99 to 43.54%. This shows a high retrogradation rate in the control sample. Additionally, sensory properties and retrogradation ratio suggest that the addition of 1.0% citric acid solution during rice cake production is efficient in retarding the retrogradation without an adverse effect on the rice cake modeling and acceptance.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.116-121
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• 1991

밀전분의 호화와 노화에 수분함량과 sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate(SSL), sucrose ester(SE), monoglyceride(Dimodan) 같은 surfactant의 효과를 differential scanning calorimetry를 이용하여 조사하였다. 전분의 호화양상은 수분함량에 따라 다르고 수분함량이 30% 이하이면 호화가 일어나지 못하였다. 호화개시 온도는 $59{\sim}60^{\circ}C$이었으며, 노화개시 온도는 $50{\sim}55^{\circ}C$이었다. 노화된 전분의 엔탈피는 수분함량이 $40{\sim}50%$일 때 가장 컸다. Surfactant를 첨가하면 호화온도는 약간 높아졌고, amylose-lipid complex의 엔탈피는 증가하였다. Surfactant를 첨가한 전분은 저장에 따라 노화가 늦게 진행되었으나 amylose-lipid complex의 변화는 거의 없었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.638-643
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• 1994

조리와 식품 산업에 고구마 전분의 이용 가능성을 높이기 위해 고구마를 $40^{\circ}C$ 항온기에서 2, 4, 7, 10일간 수침시킨 후 전분을 분리 제조하고 이들 전분의 호화 특성과 노화 특성을 측정하였다. 시차주사열량기에 의한 호화 양상에서 무처리 전분의 피크 온도와 엔탈피는 각각 $73.7^{\circ}C,\;1.32cal/g$으로서 폭넓은 피크를 보였으며, 수침 전분은 피크 온도와 엔탈피가 증가하였다. 알칼리 호화 양상은 초기에 급격한 점도의 증가를 보이다 완만해했으며 무처리 전분에 비해 2, 4, 7일 수침 전분의 점도는 증가하였으나 10일 수침 전분은 감하였다. 호화액의 투명도는 모든 전분에서 저장에 따라 감소하였으며 수침 기간이 길어질수록 투명도는 낮아졌다. ${\alpha}$-아밀라아제-요오드법에 의한 노화도는 무처리 전분에 비해 수침 전분은 증가하였고, 노화 전분의 시차주사열량기에 의한 엔탈피도 4일 수침시킨 전분을 제외하고 수침에 의해 증가하였다. 무처리 전분과 분해 후 잔여 전분에 고구마 추출액을 첨가하여 호화시키며 노화도가 낮아졌으며 노화 억제 정도는 분해 후 잔여 전분이 더 컸다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.663-674
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• 2007

Starches from different botanical sources differ in the ratio of amylose to amylopectin contents, molecular structures of amylose and amylopectin, granule morphology, and minor-component contents. These structural features result in different gelatinization, pasting, retrogradation properties, and enzyme digestibility of starch granules. In this review, compositions and molecular structures of starches and their effects on the physicochemical properties are summarized and discussed.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1251-1255
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• 1999

The sugar alcohols are useful alternatives to sucrose in confections because they provide desirable taste but lessen the potential risks for dental caries. The effects of sugar alcohol and their interaction on starch pasting properties were determined by the viscoamylograph with the concentration of 30%, 20%, 10% sugar alcohol in 1% CMC. The disaccharides, lactitol, maltitol, and isomalt, delayed pasting more than did monosaccharides, sorbitol and xylitol. With regard to the solubility in water, sorbitol and xylitol are more soluble than sucrose, maltitol and lactitol are almost equal and isomalt is less soluble than sucrose. Sorbitol and xylitol were highest on gelatinization. But their retrogradation occurred faster than other sugar alcohols. Lactitol and maltitol decreased gel strength more than did sucrose and other sugar alcohols.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.470-473
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• 2005

Starch was isolated from turnip (Brassica rapa L.), and to elucidate the structure-function relationship its structural and physical properties were characterized. Morphological structure of the starch was analyzed by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Most of the starch granules were spherical in shape with diameter ranging from 0.5-10mm. Apart from larger granules ($<10\;{\mu}m$) which dominated the population size of turnip starch, significant amount of small ($0.5-2\;{\mu}m$) and mid-size granules (${\sim}\;{\mu}m$) were also detected. It was revealed that presumably, erosion damages occurred due to the attack of amylase-type enzymes on the surface of some granules. Branch chain-length distribution was analyzed by HPAEC (High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography). The chain-length distribution of turnip starch revealed a peak at DP12 with obvious shoulder at DP18-21. The weight-average chain length ($CL_{avg}$) was 16.6, and a large proportion (11.8%) of very short chains (DP6-9) was also observed. The melting properties of starch were determined by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry). The onset temperature ($T_o$) and the enthalpy change (${\Delta}H$) of starch gelatinization were $50.5^{\circ}C$ and 12.5 J/g, respectively. The ${\Delta}H$ of the retrograded turnip starch was 3.5 J/g, which indicates 28.2% of recrystallization. Larger proportion of short chains as well as smaller average chain-length can very well explain relatively lower degree of retrogradation in turnip starch.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.45-49
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• 2008

We studied the feasibility of monitoring and controlling the manufacturing process of an infant formula with rice starch by testing in-process samples using rheology. We used DSC to first determine the gelatinization temperature of the rice starch, a key ingredient of this product. With this characteristic temperature and the process design known, rheological measurements were conducted on the in-process samples for detecting the presence and extent of gelatinization and retrogradation of rice starch; in-process samples were collected from the carbohydrate tank, after the homogenizer, and the finished product tank. The correlation between the rheological measurements on these samples and manufacturing performance proved that rheology is a very sensitive tool for monitoring the structural development of this infant formula during main process, and their influence on sterilization efficiency. We observed that the lower degree of gelatinization during main process, a shorter residence time in the finished product tank, and using caustic flush rather than clean-in-place additively lead to higher sterilization efficiency. These findings can be utilized for a rational design and analysis of the manufacturing process for infant formulas containing rice starch.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2002

식혜 식이섬유를 쌀전분에 첨가하여 호화 특성과 노화 특성을 알아보았다. 신속 점도계에 의한 호화 개시온도는 첨가수준이 증가할수록 유의성 있게 높아졌으나 최고점도, 최저점도, 최종점도, breakdown, consistency는 낮아졌고 setback은 높아졌으므로 식이섬유 첨가에 의하여 호화가 더 어려웠다. 시차주사 열량기에 의한 호화개시온도도 첨가수준이 증가할수록 유의성 있게 높아졌으나 엔탈피(ΔH)는 낮아졌다. 4$^{\circ}C$에서 1일, 3일, 7일간 저장하는 동안 호화액의 투명도 변화는 저장 1일까지는 감소정도가 크다가 그 이후에는 완만하게 감소했으며, 첨가수준이 증가할수록 투명도가 약간 높아졌다. 또한 쌀전분 겔과 식이섬유 첨가전분 겔의 시차주사열량기에 의한 노화 용융피크는 41~46$^{\circ}C$에서 나타났으며 노화 엔탈피는 1일, 3일, 7일간 저장함에 따라 쌀전분 겔은 증가하였고 식이섬유 첨가전분 겔은 거의 변화가 없었으므로 식혜 식이섬유첨가는 노화를 지연시켰는데, 노화지연효과는 백미식혜식이섬유보다 현미식혜식이섬유가 더 컸다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2011

The influence of sodium salts and chlorides at various concentrations (0.05, 0.10, 0.50, and 1.00%) on the reheating behavior of retrograded rice starch and cooked rice was investigated. The degree of gelatinization of the all retrograded rice starch gels and the cooked rice containing sodium salts and chlorides increased after reheating compared to the starches without salt. Gelatinization also showed an increasing trend as the concentration of sodium salts and chlorides increased. The increase of gelatinization after reheating the samples containing sodium salts and chlorides was greater than 38.0%. The reheated retrograded rice starch and cooked rice containing $Na_3PO_4$ showed the lowest set back value and retrogradation rate constant. Among all the samples, the cooked sample containing $Na_3PO_4$ showed the highest increment of gelatinization after reheating. Also, this same sample showed the lowest retrogradation degree.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.463-471
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• 1994

고구마 생전분에 0.5% 농도의 계면활성제, SSL(sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate), Dimodan(mono/diglyceride), SE 1670(sucrose fatty acid ester 1670)을 첨가하여 이들 전분의 이화학적 성질과 호화 및 노화특성을 측정하였다. 고구마 전분 입자의 모양과 결정형은 계면활성제 첨가 후에도 변화되지 않았다. 계면활성제 첨가에 의해 총지방 함량이 증가하였으며 아밀로오스 함량은 감소하였고 그 정도는 SE1670>SSL>Dimodan순이었다. $80^{\circ}C$에서의 팽윤력과 용해도는 무처리 전분에 비해 계면활성제 첨가 전분은 감소하였다. 아밀로그래프에 의한 호화개시온도는 무처리 전분이 $72.5^{\circ}C$였고 계면활성제 첨가시 변화는 없었으며 Dimodan과 SE1670 첨가 전분의 경우 최고 점도가 나타났다. 시차주사열량기에 의한 호화 양상은 무처리 전분의 피크 온도와 엔탈피는 각각 $73.7^{\circ}C$, 1.3 cal/g이며, 계면활성제 첨가 전분의 호화 피크 온도는 증가하였으나 엔탈피는 감소하였다. 알칼리 호화 양상은 초기에 급격한 점도의 증가를 보이다 완만해졌으며 계면활성제 첨가 전분의 점도는 무처리 전분에 비해 감소하였으며 계면활성제 종류에 따라 차이를 보였다. ${\alpha}$-아밀라아제-요오드법에 의한 노화도는 무처리 전분에 비해 SSL과 SE1670 첨가한 전분의 노화도는 감소하였다. 시차주사열량기에 의한 노화도는 계면활성제 첨가 전분은 무처리 전분에 비해 모두 감소하였다.