• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.18-23
• /
• 1992

Central dopaminergic activity of standardized ginseng extract G115 was investigated in comparison with those induced by haloperidol in rats. The effects of G115 on the locomotor activity and, stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine, which interacts directly with dopamine receptor were observed. Apomorphine(2 mg/kg) significantly decreased locomotor activity, whereas it showed a markdly increased incidence of stereotyped behavior. Standardized ginseng extract G115(100 mg/kg) and haloperidol(1 mg/kg) showed a significant decrease in locomotor activity but not induced stereotyped hehavior. Locomotor activity induced by apomorphine was markdly decreased by haloperidol(1 mg/kg), but that was significantly increased by standardized ginseng extract G115(50 mg/kg). Stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine was completely supressed haloperidol(1 mg/kg), but was not changed by standardized ginseng extract G115. These results suggest that standardized ginseng extract G115 plays an important role in central dopaminergic activity, and haloperidol and standardized ginseng extract G115 seem to have a different action in behavior.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.352-356
• /
• 2008

Acute toxicity of standardized extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge was examined using male and female ICR mice. Mice were treated with standardized extract the intragastrically at 5 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg or 2,000 mg/kg and observed for two weeks. At the doses used, no mortality or abnormal clinical signs in animals were shown during at the observation period. Also there was no difference in net body weight gain, gross pathological findings at the terminal sacrifice among the groups mice treated with different doses of the test substance. The results suggested that acute oral toxicity of standardized extract of S. miltiorrhiza in mice is very low at the conditions employed in this study.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.47-61
• /
• 2010

Objective : The aim of this present study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of allergen removed Rhus verniciflua (ARV) on Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) which is considered to have a clinically important role in tumor metastasis. Methods : The inhibitory effects of standardized extract of ARV on the MMP-2, MMP-9 were investigated by spectrofluorometer while the inhibitory effects on the active MMP-2, pro MMP-2, pro MMP-9 were investigated by zymography. Antimetastatic effect of standardized extract of ARV was investigated in vitro on human fibrosarcoma cell (HT1080)'s invasion through Matrigel. Results : The standardized extract of ARV showed inhibitory effects on the active MMP-2 (IC50, $1.01{\mu}g$/ml), active MMP-9 (IC50, $2.5{\mu}g$/ml) depending on concentrations which was determined by spectrofluorometer. The standardized extract of ARV showed inhibitory effects on the active MMP-2, pro MMP-2, pro MMP-9 depending on concentrations which was determined by zymography. However its inhibitory effect on pro MMP-9 was relatively weaker rather than active MMP-2, pro MMP-2. The standardized extract of ARV showed inhibitory effects in vitro on human fibrosarcoma cell (HT1080)'s invasion through Matrigel according to concentration. Conclusions : These results indicate that standardized extract of ARV has antimetastatic effect through inhibit again MMP-2, MMP-9. Also its inhibitory effect is more powerful on active MMP-2, pro MMP-2 than on active MMP-9, pro MMP-9. It is necessary to conduct further studies on other MMP families, TIMP, and each component of standardized extract of ARV.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
• /
• 1980.09a
• /
• pp.143-150
• /
• 1980

The purpose of this double-blind study was to study the standardized ginseng-extract (marketed form, GINSANA), in regard to its efficacy on the reaction time, pulmonary function and general health in subjects of various age-groups. The trial was conducted as a double-blind study in a total of 120 subjectsm allocated to different groups, according to age (30 to 39 and 40 to 60 year age-groups), sex and preparation administered (ginseng/placebo). The study lasted 12 weeks and the dosage was fixed at 2 capsules per day. The rusults regarding reaction time and pulmonary function showed significant differences in favour of the GINSANA group, over the placebo group, in the 40 to 60-year-old men and women. In the self-evaluation (performance, mood, concentration) we observed a clear improvement (p < 0.001) in the subjects treated with GINSANA, with the exception of the men age 30-39 years. The results botained, which are specially related to reaction, pulmonary function, self evaluation and tolerability, have shown that GINSANA, as standardized ginseng extract, has a favourable effect on the psychic and physical functions studied. 3. Performance test in top sportsmen before and after 9 weeks' treatment with GINSANA To what extent can GINSANA influence physical performance? It is precisely we the physicians whose task it is to find drugs which in physiological amounts do not have any special pharmacodynamic effects. We were therefore interested in the preparation, GINSANA which was made available to us, since it contains a qualitatively and quantitatively standardized GINSENG EXTRACT and is not doping agent.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.112-117
• /
• 2009

Objective: Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) has anticancer effect confirmed by preclinical studies and historical records. We thus tried to evaluate retrospectively the effect of RVS as a complementary medicine for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) showing refractory to conventional chemotherapy. Patients and Methods: From June 1, 2006 to June 30, 2007, patients with advanced NSCLC who received both the standardized RVS extract and a standard course of second or more line therapy such as pemetrexed ($Alimta^{(R)}$), erlotinib ($Tarceva^{(R)}$), and gefitinib ($Iressa^{(R)}$) were checked. A total of 13 patients were eligible for the final analysis after fulfilling inclusion/exclusion criteria. Time to progression (TTP) of these patients treated with the standardized RVS extract was checked in the aftercare period. Results: Patients received RVS treatment for a median period of 296 (range 84-698) days. The median TTP was 220.5 (range 36-489) days, and three patients (23.1%) had TTP values of 15 more months. No significant side effects from RVS treatment have been observed. Conclusion: The standardized RVS extract might have synergetic effects by assisting apoptosis in advanced NSCLC with concurrent standard therapy agents, since it prolonged TTP without significant adverse effects. This study suggests that the standardized RVS extract is beneficial to patients with chemotherapy-refractory NSCLC. Further clinical trials and preclinical studies are necessary to determine the efficacy and safety of the standardized RVS extract in NSCLC.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.183-189
• /
• 1992

Effect of the standardized ginseng extract(G115) on the central monoaminergic systems were investigated in comparison with that of halcperidol in rats. Immediately after sacrificed by decapitation, the strlata and frontal cortex were removerl. Concentations of the monoamines dopamine and serctorLin and their metabolites were deterinintd by HPLC-EC. G115 increased the concentration of 5-HIAA and DOPAC/UA ratio in striatum. However, dopaminrrgic neuronal activities were not affected by G115 that decreased the concentratio,Is of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in frontal cortex. G115 in combination with apomorphine significantly irlcreased the concentration of DA and S-HT but decreased the DO PAC/DA ratio and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio only in frontal cortex. These results suggest that G115 like HPD inhibits the activity of nigrostriatal dopamine neuron in striatum. However, unlike HPD it activates central monoaminergic neuron activity in frontal cortex.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.179-193
• /
• 2020

Ginseng products on the market show high variability in their composition and overall quality. This becomes a challenge for both consumers and health-care professionals who are in search of high-quality, reliable ginseng products that have a proven safety and efficacy profile. The botanical extract standardization is of crucial importance in this context as it determines the reproducibility of the quality of the product that is essential for the evaluation of effectiveness and safety. This review focuses on the well-characterized and standardized ginseng extract, G115, which represents an excellent example of an herbal drug preparation with constant safety and efficacy within the herbal medicinal products. Over the many decades, extensive preclinical and clinical research has been conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of G115. In vitro and in vivo studies of G115 have shown pharmacological effects on physical performance, cognitive function, metabolism, and the immune system. Furthermore, a significant number of G115 clinical studies, most of them double-blind placebo-controlled, have reinforced the findings of preclinical evidence and proved the efficacy of this extract on blood glucose and lipid regulation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, energy, physical performance, and immune and cognitive functions. Clinical trials and 50 years of presence on the market are proof of a good safety profile of G115.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.301-307
• /
• 2005

The roots of the plant Korean ginseng have been extensively used in the traditional Chinese herbal medicine. We investigated the standardized extract of Korean ginseng on animal models of anxiety based on exploratory behavior. Korean ginseng extract (KGE) (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg) was administered intra-peritoneally. The anxiolytic activity was studied using elevated plus maze (EPM) paradigm, light/dark apparatus (LDA), open field apparatus (OFA) and the hole board apparatus (HBA). Diazepam (1mg/kg) was used as a standard anxiolytic drug. In EPM, KGE (10 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the time spent in open arms and the number of entries in open arms. In LDA, KGE (10 mg/kg) increased the number of transitions. In OFA, KGE (3 and 10 mg/kg) significantly increased (P < 0.05) the number of squares traversed. In HBA the number of head pokes were significantly increased with KGE (3 and 10 mg/kg). KGE at all selected doses did not affect the motor coordination. Thus, the study suggests that saponin containing standardized Korean ginseng extract possess anxiolytic activity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.175-181
• /
• 2011

Oxidative stress or accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads neuronal cellular death and dysfunction, and it contributes to neuronal degenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke. Glutamate is one of the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Glutamate contributes to fast synaptic transmission, neuronal plasticity, outgrowth and survival, behavior, learning and memory. In spite of these physiological functions, high concentration of glutamate causes neuronal cell damage, acute insults and chronic neuronal neurodegenerative diseases. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzyme plays an important role of cellular antioxidant system against oxidant injury. NNMBS020, the water-insoluble fraction of the 70% EtOH extract of root barks of Dictamnus dasycarpus, showed dominant neuroprotective effects on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells by induced the expression of HO-1 and increased HO activity. In mouse hippocampal HT22 cells, NNMBS020 makes the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and stimulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. The ERK MAPK pathway inhibitor significantly reduced NNMBS020-induced HO-1 expression, whereas the JNK and p38 inhibitors did not. In conclusion, the water-insoluble fraction of the 70% EtOH extract of root barks of D. dasycarpus (NNMBS020) significantly protect glutamate-induced oxidative damage by induction of HO-1 via Nrf2 and ERK pathway in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.219-225
• /
• 2010

We tested whether ginsenosides $Rg_3$-standardized ginseng extract (RGE) has anti-stress effects in restraint-stressed animals. RGE increased time spent in the open arms and open arm entries in the elevated plus-maze test. In addition, RGE blocked the reduction of center zone distance and stereotypes behaviors in the open-field test. RGE also increased head dips in stressed mice, indicating anxiolytic-like effects. Stress decreased movement distance and duration, burrowing, and rearing frequency but increased face washing and grooming. RGE significantly reversed burrowing and rearing activity in stressed mice. In addition, we measured sleep architecture in restraint stressed rats using EEG recorder. Stress increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but total sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep were not changed. RGE did not affect sleep architecture in stressed rats. These behavioral experiments suggest that RGE has anti-stress effects in restraint-stressed animal models.