• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2006

Purpose: Conventional chest X-ray and pulmonary function test cannot sensitively detect inhalation injury. Bronchoscopy is known to be the gold standard but it is invasive method. We evaluated whether lung inhalation/perfusion scans can sensitively detect inhalation injury of fire victims. Materials and Methods: Nineteen patients (male 9, female 10, mean age 31.6 yr) of fire victims were enrolled in this study. Inhalation lung scan was performed 2 days later after inhalation injury with $^{99m}Tc$-technegas. Perfusion lung scan was performed 4 days later with $^{99m}Tc$- MAA (macroaggregated albumin). Follow up lung scans were performed 16 and 18 days later for each. Chest X-ray was performed in all patients and bronchoscopy was performed in 17 of 19 patients at the same period. Pulmonary function test was performed in 9 patients. Results: Four of 19 patients showed inhalation and perfusion defects and one showed inhalation defect but, normal perfusion scan findings. These five patients with abnormal scan findings showed abnormal bronchoscopic findings and severe respiratory symptoms. On chest X-ray, 2 of them had pulmonary tuberculosis and one of them showed pulmonary congestion. FEV1 /FVC was abnormal in 3 patients. On the follow up scan, all patients with abnormal initial scan findings showed improved findings and they had improved clinical state. Conclusion: Inhalation/perfusion lung scans can detect inhalation burn injury noninvasively in early stage and may be useful in therapeutic decision making and follow up of patients.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 2008

Purpose: A urea breath test (UBT) using C-14 or C-13 has been developed for identifying Helicobacter (H) pylori infection on the basis of urease production with release of labeled $CO_2$. We investigated if the C-14 and C-13 UBT have the difference to reflect the presence and degree of H. pylori infection detected by gastro-duodenoscopic biopsies (CBx) in the same patients. Materials and methods: Thirty eight patients (M:F = 28:10, age $53.4{\pm}13.0$ yrs) with upper gastrointestinal symptoms such as indigestion, gastric fullness or pain consecutively underwent C-14 UBT, GBx and C-13 UBT within one week before medications. For the C-14 UBT, a single breath sample was collected at 10 minutes after ingestion of C-14 urea (37 KBq) capsule and counting was done in a liquid scintillation counter for 1 minute, and the results were classified as positive (${\ge}$ 200 dpm), intermediate (50-199 dpm) or negative (50 dpm). For the C-13 UBT, the results were classified as positive (${\ge}2.5\%_{\circ}$) or negative ($<2.5\%_{\circ}$). The results of GBx with Giemsa stain were graded 0 (normal) to 4 (diffuse) according to the distribution of H. pylori by the Wyatt method. We compared C-14 UBT and C-13 UBT results with GBx grade as a gold standard. Results: The prevalence of H. pylori infection by GBx with Giemsa stain was 25/38 (65.8%). In the assessment of the presence of H. pylori infection, the C-14 UBT global performance yielded sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of 92.0%, 92.3%, 95.8%, 91.7% and 92.1%, respectively. However, the C-13 UBT had sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of 96.0%, 84.6%, 92.3%, 91.7% and 92.1%, respectively. The more significant correlation in C-14 than C-13 UBT (r=0.948 vs r=0.819, p <0.001) was found between the value of UBT and the grade of distribution of H. pylori infection. Conclusion: We conclude that the diagnostic performance between C-14 and C-13 UBT to detect H. pylori infection is not significantly different, but the value of C-14 UBT more significantly reflects the degree of bacterial distribution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1784-1792
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• 2007

This study set out to identify the problems with hat labels and to search for improvement measures by examining and analyzing consumers' practice of managing their hats. It also intended to provide accurate and enough information about how to keep and wash hats and thus help consumers use their hats for a long period. In an attempt to investigate how consumers wash and manage their hats, a survey was carried out to 395 individuals in their twenties and over who owned hats living in urban areas including Seoul, and were quota sampled according to age and gender. The survey period is March to April 2007. The collected data were statistically treated with the SPSS 12.0 program in terms of frequency, percentage, mean, standard error, cross tabulation, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The findings were as followed. First, the respondents were in the average level of perceiving and practicing the washing methods of their hats. The female respondents who had more experiences with laundering than the males knew and practiced the washing methods for hats better than males. Second, compared to other clothing items, hat wearers were more likely to pay careful attention to their hats by putting their hats in a laundry net and applying a laundry detergent for wool fabrics when using a washing machine or washing their hats with their own hands. And third, most of the hat wearers were aware of the importance of hat labels and showed a lower level of trust in them than other clothing items. The suppliers need to offer accurate and practical labels in order to regain the consumers' trust. Many consumers had some difficulties figuring out the size system of hats. In particular, the male consumers had a low level of perception of labels, which implies that there should be specific efforts to educate them about general labels.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.37-55
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• 2008

This study aims to enhance work efficiency and satisfaction by offering data that make a physical therapist cope with stress coming from the job efficiently by identifying and analyzing the job satisfaction and work stress perceived by a physical therapist, and the level of reaction of a physical therapist. The study distributed survey questionnaires to 300 physical therapists working in medical institutions in Busan via mail and by visit from March 3, 2007 by selecting them simply and randomly from the physical therapist list, and collected the questionnaires by March 20, 2007, 103 respondents were working at 17 general hospitals including a university hospital, 65 respondents at 12 medical centers, and 79 respondents at 39 doctor's offices. The study collected 251 copies, which showed the collection rate of 83.7%, and analyzed 247 copies (82.3%) excluding 4 copies of insincere answers. As a research tool for measuring job satisfaction the study used a tool employed for research into the job satisfaction of physical therapists who work at medical institutions in Gwangju, Jeonnam, and Jeonbuk by Kim Hee-Gwon(1992) and research regarding job satisfaction by Jeong Jeong-Hee(2004) as well as research regarding the factors of job satisfaction by Flippo(1980) & Seberhagen(1970) after adjusting the research tools to the purpose of the study. Also for questions about work stress, the study employed nurses' job stress measurement tool developed by Kim Mae-Ja and em Mi-Ok(1984) by modifying the tool to the purpose of the study, and for a measurement tool for reaction to stress, the study used a tool employed for research into reaction to stress of nurses at general hospitals by Choi Eun-Deok(2005) without modification. For data analysis, the study used the SPSS12.0 as a statistical method, and then used t-test or ANOVA for verifying actual numbers, percentile, average :score, standard deviation, rank, and difference. Also, the study conducted which is a post-test method for variables that show a significant difference at the level of p<.05 level after the analysis. The findings include the following. 1) The respondents' job satisfaction score was 3.21 points on the average (out of 5 full points). The peer relationship ranked the highest, posting 4.02 points on the average, and the job satisfaction with rewards was proven the lowest, posting 2.51 points. For the job satisfaction level by characteristics, there were significant differences (p<.05) in gender, hospital type, weekly working hours, monthly working days, number of patients per day, department in charge of therapy, and number of peers, and there was no significant difference in characteristics other than that. 2) The respondents' work stress score was 2.72 points (out of 5 full points) on the average. The respondents were shown to be under the highest stress when they suffered from excessive workload, posting 3.49 points on the average, and they were shown to be under the least stress when they had a conflict with peers at another department, recording 1.90 points on the average. for the job stress level by the characteristics of job, there was a significant difference in the reflection of job assessment(p<.05). 3) 1n respondents' reaction to stress, most of them were shown to make efforts in coping with stress, posting 2.80 points (out of 5 full points). For their experience of being wider stress, they answered that 'they felt depressed (2.85 points)" for their experience of coping with stress, they answered that 'they were indifferent to it or thought about something else' (2.62 points). Also, for their efforts in coping with stress, they answered that 'they were motivated to remove their strain by taking leave, playing, or using their preferences' (3.52 points), which ranked higher. For the level of reaction to stress by characteristics, there were significant differences by age, gender, marital status, total service years as a physical therapist, monthly working days, and department in charge of therapy(p<.05). It is necessary to offer correct information by conducting an in-depth analysis of the stressful situations of physical therapists who exert efforts in rehabilitating patients at hospitals by factor, and seeking management plans based on the research results. Also, it is necessary to develop a program for coping with stress efficiently for removing stress and to conduct research into the understanding and cooperation of administrators and persons in charge of physical therapists for reducing physical therapists' stress at hospitals.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2010

Inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) is an acute viral disease usually found in broilers aged from 3 to 5 weeks and causes up to 75% mortality. Among the 12 serotypes of fowl adenovirus group 1, serotype-4 (FAdV-4) was identified as a primary agent of IBH-HPS and was usually isolated in IBH-HPS cases in Korea since 2007. To prevent these IBH-HPS outbreaks in Korea, we developed the FAdV-4 inactivated vaccine using Korean isolate (ADL070244) and evaluated the efficacy of this vaccine. For the efficacy test, 2-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens intramuscularly inoculated with 1 or 2 dose of inactivated vaccine were used and challenged with FAdV-4 through either intramuscular or oral route at 2 weeks after vaccination. The vaccine induced good seroconversion which was confirmed by agar gel precipitation (AGP) test. In addition, the vaccine could decrease the FAdV-4 detection rate and histological lesion severity such as lymphocyte infiltration and necrosis in the liver comparing with those of non-vaccination group. Based on the current results, the developed FAdV-4 inactivated vaccine in this study was effective in the terms of reduction of virus detection rate and histological lesions severity. However, it was difficult to confirm the efficacy of the vaccine clearly because of no mortality and clinical signs in the non-vaccinated group after challenge. Therefore, we need further study to develop a standard challenged model system which could clearly evaluate the efficacy of the vaccines for FAdV-4.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.105-112
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• 2015

Purpose: This study analyzed the eco-foodservice perception and satisfaction of 344 elementary school parents in Jeju surveyed from February 1~12, 2010, with the aim of providing basic data for quality improvement of eco-foodservice in Jeju. Methods: The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, ${\chi}^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients, using the SPSS Win program (version 12.0). Results: Regarding awareness of eco-friendly food materials of subjects, average score was 3.52 points (out of 5 scales) and 'difference between eco-friendly and general agricultural products (3.76)' showed the highest score whereas 'assurance standard and label of eco-friendly agricultural products (3.31)' showed the lowest score. In terms of the recognition of eco-foodservice implementation, 75.0% of parents were aware of it. Regarding the eco-foodservice satisfaction of the subjects, average score was 3.88 points (out of 5 scales) and food safety (3.98 points) showed the highest score whereas food taste (3.70 points) showed the lowest score. The eco-foodservice perception of subjects showed positive correlation with their eco-foodservice satisfaction. Conclusion: It is necessary for the government and the local government to provide continuing education for school parents in order to enhance their perception of eco-friendly food materials. In addition, systematic and appropriate government support is needed in order to ensure internal stability of eco-foodservice.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2018

As the BIM designing technology has been applied recently in the construction field, architectural design education in the field of work and university has been changing to 3D modeling. Nevertheless, architectural design & drafting education in the construction specialized vocational high school is not responding appropriately to change. Despite the fact that students need to have 3D modeling design ability, there is a very lack of 3D housing design instructional material that can satisfy the change. The purpose of this study is to develop BIM-based 3D modeling instruction material and apply to analyze effect on interest and task performance ability on Housing Design. The 3D modeling instruction material used in this study was developed through four stages of preparation, development, implementation and evaluation according to the PDIE model procedure. Also, the experimental design model for hypothesis testing was used nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Based on the experimental design model, BIM-based 3D modeling instruction material was performed in the experimental group and 2D CAD-based standard instruction material was taught in the control group. Experimental treatment was conducted on the students of construction specialized vocatinonal high school, and applied to the subject of Professional Drafting in the 12 hours. Before and after the experimental treatment, the interest and task performance ability on Housing Design were tested. Based on the test results, we analyzed the effects of the 3D modeling instruction material through the independent samples t-test. The results of the study are as follows. First, BIM-based 3D modeling instruction material was developed of 'Housing Design & Drafting' unit on the subject of Professional Drafting in construction specialized vocational high school. Second, the application of 3D modeling instruction material has shown to be effective in improving students' interest. Third, the application of 3D modeling instruction material has shown to be effective in improving students' task performance ability on Housing Design.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.501-512
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• 2016

The study evaluated methods to measure condensable fine particles in flue gases and measured particulate matter by fuel and material to get precise concentrations and quantities. As a result of the method evaluation, it is required to improve test methods for measuring Condensable Particulate Matter (CPM) emitted after the conventional Filterable Particulate Matter (FPM) measurement process. Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) based on the evaluated analysis process showed that RSD percentages of FPM and CPM were around 27.0~139.5%. As errors in the process of CPM measurement and analysis can be caused while separating and dehydrating organic and inorganic materials from condensed liquid samples, transporting samples, and titrating ammonium hydroxide in the sample, it is required to comply with the exact test procedures. As for characteristics of FPM and CPM concentrations, CPM had about 1.6~63 times higher concentrations than FPM, and CPM caused huge increase in PM mass concentrations. Also, emission concentrations and quantities varied according to the characteristics of each fuel, the size of emitting facilities, operational conditions of emitters, etc. PM in the flue gases mostly consisted of CPM (61~99%), and the result of organic/inorganic component analysis revealed that organic dusts accounted for 30~88%. High-efficiency prevention facilities also had high concentrations of CPM due to large amounts of $NO_x$, and the more fuels, the more inorganic dusts. As a result of comparison between emission coefficients by fuel and the EPA AP-42, FPM had lower result values compared to that in the US materials, and CPM had higher values than FPM. For the emission coefficients of the total PM (FPM+CPM) by industry, that of thermal power stations (bituminous coal) was 71.64 g/ton, and cement manufacturing facility (blended fuels) 18.90 g/ton. In order to estimate emission quantities and coefficients proper to the circumstances of air pollutant-emitting facilities in Korea, measurement data need to be calculated in stages by facility condition according to the CPM measurement method in the study. About 80% of PM in flue gases are CPM, and a half of which are organic dusts that are mostly unknown yet. For effective management and control of PM in flue gases, it is necessary to identify the current conditions through quantitative and qualitative analysis of harmful organic substances, and have more interest in and conduct studies on unknown materials' measurements and behaviors.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.269-277
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• 2014

The multiclass pesticide multiresidue method for the simultaneous determination of diflubenzuron in agricultural products was conducted by using HPLC-UVD. The method was validated through the guidelines of linearity, specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy and precision with pesticide-free spinach, Korean cabbage, eggplant, squash, sweet pepper, cucumber, Korean melon. The calibration curve of diflubenzuron was linear over the concentration range of 0.05-5 mg/kg with correlation coefficient of above 0.99999. The limit of detection and quantification was 0.008 and 0.02 mg/kg. Mean recoveries of diflubenzuron for each sample were 77.5-105.6%. Relative standard deviation (RSD) in recoveries were all less than 20%. The intra-day and inter-day precision (RSD) were 0.4-1.9% and 0.7-1.9%, respectively. The result of validation indicated that this method was accurate and rapid assay.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.2177-2190
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• 1971

This experiment was made to determienthe effect of various soil moisture contents in simulated drought conditions on different stages of rice growth. The drought conditions were developed at such three rice-growing stages as transplanting, immediately after transplanting and young ear forming. Three different lengths of drought periods, which are ten days, twenty days and thirty days, were applied for each growing stage of rice. The rice variety used this experiment is Nong-rim 29. This experiment was conducted at the university farm of the Kon-Kuk University during the period of $1968{\sim}1970$. Three reprications for each of 12 treatments and split plot design were employed in this study. Bottomless wood square boxes, $1^m{\times}1^m{\times}1^m$, were burried in the test plot and box top was covered with poloyethylene sheets to avoid natural rainfall drops. Standard plots were irrigated continuously with a water depth of 40mm/day and those of drought treatments were irrigated continuously up to the beginning of the planned drought period, and they were irrigated again with a depth of 40mm/day up to the maturing stage of rice. Other methods for rice raising followed those methods developed by the Field Crops Experiment Station of the Office of Rural Development. During this experiments, climatic conditions in regard to rainfalls, sunshine hours, and temperatures were observed. According to this observation, those values measured deviate slightly from the annual means. However the growing condition of rice plants were normal. The pH value of irritation water is nearly neutral, and soils in the test plots are relatively fertile, being similar to ordinary paddy soils. Analysis of variances for number of stalks, plan-height, ear sprouting date, length of stalks, ear length, number of ears per plant, fertility, grain weitght, weight of plant, and yield were carried out. The variances for plant height, ear sprouting date, length of stalk ear length, and yield has statistical significance under drought treatments applied at three different growing stages. The variance showing the effect of lengths of drought period is highly significant for all the treatments studied except that of grain weight. The interaction between drought periods and drought treatments at different growing stages is significant for plant height, stalk length, ear length, number of ears, fertility and yield, these results indicated that droughts at different growing stages have influence on plant height, ear length, yield, and length of drought period also has strong influence on all factors studied except grain weight. The combination of drought treatments at different rice growing stages and lengths of drought periods has different effects on various agronomic characteristics, including yield. Plant height under drought treatment practiced at transplanting stage is the lowest, and drought treatment applied immediately after transplanting resulted in the least number of stalks. The effect of different lengths of drought periods on plant height and number of stalks depends signis ficantly on increasing days of drought. Ear sprouting date tends to be delayed for one or two days undedrought treatments at transplanting period and with increasing days of drought. Better yield is secured in drought treatment applied immediately after transplanting. Adverse effect war observed when drought treatment was applied at ear forming period. These effects may be attributed to the alternation of irrigation and drought causing vigorous root activity. In general, yield linearly decreases as the length of the drought period increases. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that, in order to mimimize damage due to drought, and, to save irrigation water, paddy fields, immediately after transplanting, may be not irrigated, since there is sufficient moisture in the soil, and that sufficient irrigation water should be applied again in the ear forming stage of rice plant.