• 복식문화연구
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.902-912
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• 2003

The purpose of this research was two-folds; first, to investigate the type of soil contaminated in the Hunsang excavated from the Milchang-gun burial of Mapo for the purpose of proposing the adequate washing method, second, to utilize the chemical degradation result obtained from the previous research to identify the natural dye source used in the Hunsang textile. The application of KS K0251 test showed that the soil was more oleophilic than hydrophilic thus indicating that wet cleaning was more adequate that dry cleaning for the removal of Hunsang soil. The GC-MS result of the Hunsang extraction showed dimethyl phthalate and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol as its degradation product and these coincided with the degradation products from the alizarin standard data of previous research. The comparison of the two suggested that it is likely that Hunsang was dyed with madder which has alizarin as its major chromophore.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2001

To interpret the dyeing behavior of PTT fiber with C. I. Disperse Violet 1, the thermodynamic Parameters of dyeing, such as standard affinity, heat of dyeing(enthalpy change), entropy change, diffusion coefficient, and activation energy of diffusion, were obtained from isotherms and dyeing rates at various temperatures and compared with those of PET fiber. The heat of dyeing(enthalpy change) and the entropy change of PTT fiber showed smaller negative values than those of PET fiber. This means that the dye molecules in the PTT fiber are combined more loosely than in the PET fiber and that is due to the flexibility of polymer chains of PTT fiber. The diffusion coefficients of C. I. Disperse Violet 1 into the PTT fiber were larger than those for PET fiber, and the activation energy of diffusion on PTT fiber was smaller than that on PET fiber.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.463-474
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• 2012

The purpose of this research was to find the suitable dyeing method for dyeing cotton fabric into indigo blue color using the raw indigo powder dyes sold in the Korean market. The research focused primarily on the comparison of the non-reduced dyeing method and the reduced dyeing method. The dyeing effects using different dyeing temperatures ($2{\sim}80^{\circ}C$) and different concentrations of reducing agent and alkali were also investigated. It was found that the reduced dyeing method must be used for dyeing cotton into indigo blue color using the commercial raw indigo powder dyes. The best result was obtained by $20^{\circ}C$ dyeing with the $40^{\circ}C$ dyeing giving a comparable result. The intensity of the blue color could be enhanced by increasing the alkali concentration. The non-reduced dyeing could not dye cotton fabric into indigo blue color at any given dyeing temperatures ($2{\sim}80^{\circ}C$). The reduce-dyed cotton fabrics showed a gradual color change upon repeated washing and extended sunlight exposure, the most color change occurring after the first two washing cycles and the first 5 hours of sunlight exposure. The standard tests of colorfastness showed that the reduce-dyed cotton fabrics had good to excellent colorfastness whereas the colorfastness of the non-reduce-dyed cotton fabrics were mostly poor.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.40-46
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• 1985

구핵부가형 반응성 염료인 C.I. Reactivo Blue 19와 산성 염료인 C.I. Acid Blue 138로 각각 견을 평형염착시켜 온도 및 pH에 따른 염착량 및 고착량을 구하여 각 조건에서의 염착거동을 비교 검토하였다. 1) 염착은 pH 및 온도가 낮을수록 양염료 모두 증가하였고, 반응성 염료인 경우, pH 8.5, 7$0^{\circ}C$에서 최대 고착량을 나타내었다. 2) 산성인 경우 반응성 염료는 산성 염료와 같은 거동을 나타내었다. 3) 산성 및 반응성 염료인 KL은 pH의 감소에 따라 증가하였고, Kp는 전자인 경우 증가, 후자인 경우 감소하였다. 4) 온도가 상승할수록 양염료 모두 KL은 감소하였고, 표준친화력은 증가하였다. 5) 산성 및 반응성 염료의 염착반응은 발열반응이고 표준엔트로피는 정의 값을 나타내었다. 6) 강산성측에서는 산성 반응성 염료 모두 Langmuir형 미착과 Nernst형 미착의 합으로 나타낼 수 있다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.431-439
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• 2014

This research verified the usefulness and practicality of citrus peel extract as a natural dye. This study dyed cotton, silk, and cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics using citrus peel extract, and measured the dyeability and functional property to verify their usefulness and practicality. The dyeing affinity of the citrus peel extract was measured by dyeing under alkaline conditions to determine the temperature and time for optimal dyeing conditions of the solution. The results show that a temperature and time of $60^{\circ}C$ and 30 minutes were optimal for dyeing cotton fabrics with citrus peel extract, $50^{\circ}C$ and 60 minutes for silk fabrics, and $60^{\circ}C$ and 60 minutes for cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics, respectively. In addition the results of measuring the color fastness of the cotton, silk, and cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics dyed with the citrus peel extract show that the color fastness was superior for washing, friction, sweat, and water. However, the color fastness for sunlight appeared to be slightly weak. In addition, it was found that fabric dyed with the citrus peel extract showed partial antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial property appeared the greatest in the silk fabric. The cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics had 90% or more Staphylococcus aureus present, but the antimicrobial properties were not high in the cotton fabric. Additionally, the heavy metal content, which is harmful to the human body, appeared to be lower than standard figures, so the dye was found to be innocuous to humans. Therefore, when the results of this study are put together, citrus peel extract is sufficiently useful and practical as an ingredient for a natural dye. Moreover, there is ample possibility to develop citrus peel dyed fabrics as environmentally friendly fashion materials.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.3052-3058
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• 2014

In this article, we have designed and synthesized a novel donor-${\pi}$-acceptor (D-${\pi}$-A) type porphyrin-based sensitizer (denoted UI-5), in which a carboxyl anchoring group and a 9,9-dimethyl fluorene were introduced at the meso-positions of porphyrin ring via phenylethynyl and ethynyl bridging units, respectively. Long alkoxy chains in ortho-positions of the phenyls were supposed to reduce the degree of dye aggregation, which tends to affect electron injection yield in a photovoltaic cell. The cyclic voltammetry was employed to determine the band gap of UI-5 to be 1.41 eV based on the HOMO and LUMO energy levels, which were estimated by the onset oxidation and reduction potentials. The incident monochromatic photon-to-current conversion efficiency of the UI-5 DSSC assembled with double-layer (20 nm-sized $TiO_2$/400 nm-sized $TiO_2$) film electrodes appeared lower upon overall ranges of the excitation wavelengths, but exhibited a higher value over the NIR ranges (${\lambda}$ = 650-700 nm) compared to the common reference sensitizer N719. The UI-5-sensitized cell yielded a relatively poor device performance with an overall conversion efficiency of 0.74% with a short circuit photocurrent density of $3.05mA/cm^2$, an open circuit voltage of 0.54 mV and a fill factor of 0.44 under the standard global air mass (AM 1.5) solar conditions. However, our report about the synthesis and the photovoltaic characteristics of a porphyrin-based sensitizer in a D-${\pi}$-A structure demonstrated a significant complex relationship between the sensitizer structure and the cell performance.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.3629-3633
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• 2011

The effect of a dense $TiO_2$ blocking layer prepared using the sol-gel method on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells was studied. The blocking layer formed directly on the working electrode, separated it from the electrolyte, and prevented the back transfer of electrons from the electrode to the electrolyte. The dyesensitized solar cells were prepared with a working electrode of fluorine-doped tin oxide glass coated with a blocking layer of dense $TiO_2$, a dye-attached mesoporous $TiO_2$ film, and a nano-gel electrolyte, and a counter electrode of Pt-deposited FTO glass. The gel processing conditions and heat treatment temperature for blocking layer formation affected the morphology and performance of the cells, and their optimal values were determined. The introduction of the blocking layer increased the conversion efficiency of the cell by 7.37% for the cell without a blocking layer to 8.55% for the cell with a dense $TiO_2$ blocking layer, under standard illumination conditions. The short-circuit current density ($J_{sc}$) and open-circuit voltage ($V_{oc}$) also were increased by the addition of a dense $TiO_2$ blocking layer.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.294-303
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• 2018

In this study, eco-friendly natural dyeing for pig leather was explored by using onion skin which is food waste. Sodium caseinate was used as a pre-treatment agent to improve dyeability of pig leather and its effect on dye uptake was investigated according to treatment concentration. Dye uptake of the pre-treated pig leather was increased by about two times compared to untreated one at 0.2% pre-treatment concentration. Onion skin colorant imparted YR color on pig leather. After mordanting, the color of pretreated/dyed pig leather was varied from brick-red to khaki shades. However, mordanting did not improved dye uptake of the pre-treated/dyed pig leather significantly. The color-fastnesses of un-mordanted samples to light, dry cleaning, rubbing were grades 3-4, 5, and 4, respectively, which is good enough to meet all Korean Standard for Fastness of leather products. After mordanting, the light fastness of pig leather was improved to 4, 4-5 grade. The efficacy of sodium caseinate as a pre-treatment agent for pig leather was verified by improved dye uptake and good colorfastness. And, the natural dyeing of pig leather using food waste would be a significant sustainable way in terms of eco-friendliness and reuse of biomass to reduce environmental pollution.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.38-43
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• 1980

Blue tetraEolium chloride를 발색시약으로 사용하여 잎담배중의 환원당을 흡수분광 광도번에 의해 정량하는 방법을 연구 하였다. Blue tetrolium과 환원당과의 환원반응에서 생성된 formazan dye의 극대흡수파장은 $530^{nm}$ 였으며 fructose농도가 0.02mg/ml-0.14mg/ml범위내에서는 Beer-Lambert법칙에 잘 일치함을 보여 주었다. 이 방법에 의한 환원당 정량의 정확성을 알아보기 위하여 표준 fructose를 잎담배중에 첨가한 후 이 표준 환원당의 농도를 계산하여 보니, 당시의 농도보다 적은 값을 얻었다. 그러나 상대오차 -2%이하로서 비교적 분석적 재현성이 좋게 나타났다. 흡수분광광도계를 사용하지 아니하고 Visual read out방법으로 왑원당을 정량하였을 경우,그 상대오차가 $\pm$10%범위로 나타났다.

• 분석과학
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2009

기능성 염료의 일종인 fluoran계 염료의 열 변색현상으로부터 열역학적인 함수들을 구하였다. 양성자성 용매와 비양성자성 용매에서 온도변화에 따른 UV-Vis 스펙트럼을 측정함으로서 평형상수와 엔탈피 값을 측정하였다. 양성자성 용매에서는 락톤형으로만 존재하나 비양성자성 용매에서는 락톤형과 쯔비터 이온형이 같이 존재함을 확인하였다. 평형 상수를 결정하는 요인은 용매의 극성도가 아니라 수소결합 주게의 성질에 큰 영향을 받음을 확인하였다. 엔탈피 변화량도 측정하였다. 온도 변화에 따라 열 변색 현상이 잘 일어나므로 엔탈피 변화량은 약 -2.0 kJ/mol정도이며, 따라서 열린형이 닫힌형보다도 에너지가 안정함을 확인하였다. 산에 의한 엔탈피 변화량은 양성자성 용매에서는 거의 0 kJ/mol에 가까우며 비양성자성 용매에서는 일정한 경향성을 찾기 어려웠으며. 또한 엔트로피와 깁스 자유에너지도 일정한 경향성을 보이지 않았다. 이러한 열역학적인 분석 결과는 기능성 염료의 디자인이나 합성에서 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있다.