• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.492-500
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• 2012

Cocoa is a popular drink for children and contains healthy polyphenols however; a deep brown stain is left when cocoa is spilled over clothes. The main pigments in cocoa are anthocyanins that change in washing solutions with different alkalinity and metals. The removal and color changes in a cocoa stain after washing with various pH solutions and water hardness were studied. Alkalinity and the water hardness of washing solutions were important factors for the removal of cocoa stains. The removal of cocoa things in washing solutions without detergent was low (and even became negative after removal and darker) in solutions with a pH 9 and above. The cocoa stain was not removed and only the fabric color faded, although the cocoa stained cloth was washed with Korea tap water that has a pH of 7. The cocoa stain removal in detergent solutions was conspicuously higher than for only water. Even in detergent solutions, the cocoa stain removal decreased as water hardness increased. Cocoa stain removal was more effective and the color dimmest when the stained cloth was washed in a solution without the metal cations, and the bleach added with the detergent at a temperature of $40^{\circ}C$ and for longer than 20 minutes. Effective and economical equipment for tap water softening for a washing machine should be developed and used to improve cocoa stain removal.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.107-114
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• 1994

The Rotaviruses are members of the family Reoviridae and are the major cause of severe childhood gastroenteritis worldwide. Recently, electron microscopy has been used to detect non-group A rotaviruses to determine a relatively high resolution structure of the rotavirion. Mature, infectious virions(double-shelled particles) have a diameter of approximately 70nm, and have a capsid structure composed of two concentric protein layers. We have studied patient's stool specimen by negative staining technique complete removal of sucrose suspension. This negative staining technique that could be carried out in about 30 minutes and that could be used with crude stool specimen was an advantage of major significance. Removal of sucrose in the sample by has been completed washing with distilled of sucrose and by washing with distilled water. Ultrastructurally, typical feature of rotavirus has a double capsid construction with an inner capsid of 55nm and on outer 65-70nm diameter can be clearly demonstrated.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 1982

Degree of separation and adhesion of dye and stain particles has been measured usually by the rate of reflection of light. However, it could be proved that the relation between the quantity of stain and the rate of reflection greatly varied with kinds of stain and states of adhesion. For this study, several pieces of cotton and polyester having different states of stain adhesion were prepared by staining them with two kinds of artificial stain different in color: Ferric Oxide and Ferric Oxynate. Every piece went through soilremoval test which employed two surfactants: Anionic LAS and Cationic M2-100. After the operation, relations between quantity of pre-soilremoval stain and rate of reflection were measured, as well as those between quantity of post-soilremoval stain and rate of reflection. Rate of reflection and quantity of stain were not proportional in measurement to the pieces stained with Ferric Oxide and Ferric Oxynate. The consequence was also the same with cotton and polyester. That held true of the fat-stained textile. With the same quantity of stain, rate of reflection varied according to the magnitude of stain particles, and the state of adhesion influenced the magnitude of stain particles a great deal.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.511-517
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• 1997

Tooth discoloration detracts from one's appearance and influences self-image and it is particularly true in children. Therefore, pediatric dentists are required to treat tooth discoloration manifested in children for the normal development of their psycosocial health. Three treatment modalities are currently availabler for the removal of a variety of intrinsic stains from vital teeth. These are enamel microabrasion technique using hydrochloric acid, office bleaching and home bleaching technique with carbamide. Microabrasion technique has several advantages over bleaching in that it is easy to accomplish and does not require multiple office visits or the expensive instruments and the color change seems to be permanent after treatment. The process relies on decalcification, a softening with HCl and then removal of the enamel containing the stain with rubbing. Due to the mechanism of stain removal, this method is indicated for the removal of superficial enamel stains or disc oloration only. We report four successfully treated cases by enamel microabrasion using 15% HCl and pumice. Entire clinical steps are described in detail with some discussions on the outcome.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2010

This research was performed to investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the stain removal in japanese hackberry. Response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the bleaching conditions such as reaction temperature, reaction time and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. Fifteen different bleaching conditions were selected according to $2^3$ factorial central composite design (CCD). The bleaching effect were evaluated by lightness differences of wood surface before and after the bleaching. The RSM model was determined and its $R^2$ values were 0.93, showing it well represented the bleaching effect. The most affecting factor on the stain removal was the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, followed by reaction time and reaction temperature. Second degree of concentration was proved to have an effect on the bleaching. Bleaching rates above 3% concentrations of hydrogen peroxide were tended to be slightly decreased, and low bleaching effect was found at $20^{\circ}C$. The determined RSM model may offer very practical ways to obtain the desired levels of bleaching because it offers multiple solutions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.840-851
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• 2021

In this study, we used a chemiluminescence reaction to investigate the removal effect of pet soil, such as dog blood, urine and feces. The soiled fabrics were washed with a standard laundry course of 30℃ and a washing time of 30 min and a pet care laundry course of 40-60℃ and a washing time of 100 min. The detergency was evaluated by the surface reflectance and chemiluminescence reaction (bloodstain detection by luminol test and urine-stain and feces-stain detection by UV blacklight test) before and after washing. The surface reflectance results did not show any difference in detergency for both courses, whereas the chemiluminescence reaction did. The detergency of the pet care course compared to the standard course was 101% according to the surface reflectance and 120% according to the chemiluminescence reaction. Therefore, residual stains not detected by surface reflectance can be evaluated through chemiluminescence reaction, and it was confirmed that pet stains can be managed more hygienically by washing for a long time at a high temperature.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.525-538
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• 2018

Myazedi Quadrilingual Stone Inscription of Myanmar, inscribed to the World Heritage List in 2015, is a rare historical artifact which has an exact date of inscription. It is a written record that displays the history, religion, and culture of Myanmar. Since the surface of the Stone Inscription has been rubbed with ink many times during the process of making printed copies for interpretation and academic research, it has developed a serious stain problem. Therefore, scientific analysis of the stain and research on the treatment for its removal have been conducted. In particular, an experiment was conducted on stain removal using laser cleaning and chemical treatment. The stains are mostly ink dirt, which accumulated from previous ink-rubbing processes. In order to conduct the experiment under similar conditions, a sample with similar stain has been reproduced, and a set of different conditions for treatment was applied to the sample to determine an effective solution. Laser cleaning was found to be effective in removing stains from most samples. However, chemical treatment showed different results. The physical friction method using ethanol provided the best result. In conclusion, laser cleaning is an effective universally-applicable technique but chemical treatment with laser cleaning can be considered an alternative method in certain situations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.181-183
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• 2008

Four different subtilisins of protease were investigated to see their effects on the cleaning activity. The cleaning solution was formulated with various non-ionic surfactants and other additives such as propylene glycol, triethanolamine, pH balancer etc. to evaluate their effect on enzyme activity as well. Evaluation of formulated cleaning solution was carried under K0120 using pre-soiled textiles from EMPA. The results showed that the cleaning activity on soil removal was not severly influenced by surfactant but the enzyme mostly. In addition, the activity of enzymes was not much affected by the type of surfactants as long as the surfactants were non-ionic. Liquinase among the four enzymes used in this study showed the best performance on soil removal, especially blood stain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.381-392
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• 2020

The necessity and the importance of the remanufacturing are increasing day by day along with environmental problems. Many studies are being conducted on remanufacturing, but the research for cleaning is much lacking. This study aims to evaluate the effective cleaning method for remanufacturing of start motors, one of the automobile parts. The cleaning process consists of oil stain removal, drying and rust removal processes. In this study, the two processes were conducted except for the drying process which has little influence on cleaning. The methodology for cleaning agent selection, degreasing and rust removal process was presented. For each methodology, five analysis factors were calculated by two-way comparison according to the process, and the values were evaluated quantitatively by substituting them into the evaluation table. In the selection of cleaning agent, neutral system, ultrasonic cleaning in degreasing, and grinding in rust removal were selected as the best cleaning methods.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.66
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• pp.87-112
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• 2005

Stain removal on ivory has been, for a long time, considered an undesirable treatment in conservation field because ivory is hygroscopic and anisotropic, having different physical properties in different directions. Cyclododecane, which sublimes at room temperature, has been investigated for its use in conservation field since 1995, as a reversible temporary consolidant, sealing agent or coating, water repellent, and barrier layer. This research aims to remove stains on ivory, temporarily protecting the none-stained area or painted area from methanol, acetone or the aqueous cleaning system using cyclododecane as a hydrophobic sealing agent. This research also aims to obtain information regarding whether cyclododecane can be safely and effectively used on archaeological wet ivory. Melted cyclododecane and saturated solutions of cyclododecane in mineral spirits, and hexanes were applied to ivory samples. Application methods, working properties of cyclododecane on ivory, and effect of cyclododecane coating on moisture content of wet ivory were evaluated. The sealing layer formed by molten cyclododecane or by saturated cyclododecane solution in hexane or saturated cyclododecane solution in mineral spirits did not form a secure contact with the surface of the highly polished ivory. The sealing formed with two different layers, in which saturated cyclododecane solution in hexane was applied initially and then molten cyclododecane was applied over the first layer, was found to securely protect the painted area. When the wet samples were kept in 100% RH environments for a month, active mold growths were observed except in the samples sealed with molten cyclododecane. In conclusion, cyclododecane was an efficient hydrophobic sealing agent to protect painting area while cleaning stains on ivory. It also prevented mold growing on wet ivory and wet bone. Evenness of cyclododecane film on ivory will be determined in UV light. Analytical techniques will include visual observation, polarized light microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Gas Chromatography.