• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.48 no.3
• /
• pp.157-163
• /
• 2015

Accurate staging of esophageal cancer is very important to achieving optimal treatment outcomes. The AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) first published TNM esophageal cancer staging recommendations in the first edition of their staging manual in 1977. Thereafter, the staging of esophageal cancer was changed many times over the years. This article reviews the current status of staging of esophageal cancer.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
• /
• v.10 no.3 s.30
• /
• pp.43-47
• /
• 2005

In this study, the numerical and dynamic simulation on staging problem including forward jet mechanism is conducted. The forward jet plays a vital role in staging, which jets out from aftbody. This staging environment needs full dynamic characteristics study and flow analysis for securing staging safety. Present study performs dynamic simulation of forebody and aftbody with flow analysis using the Chimera grid scheme which is usually used for moving body simulations. As a result, the separation mechanism using forward jet well work in staging for given initial conditions and reverse thrust, chamber pressure variation from experiments. Furthermore, it is found that the technique using forward jets for staging is excellent for securing the separation safety.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2005.04a
• /
• pp.182-185
• /
• 2005

In this study, the numerical and dynamic simulation on staging problem including forward jet mechanism is conducted. The forward jet plays a vital role in staging, which jets out from aftbody. This staging environment needs full dynamic characteristics study and flow analysis for securing staging safety. Present study performs dynamic simulation of prebody and aftbody with flow analysis using Chimera grid scheme which is usually used for moving simulations. As a result, separation mechanism using forward jet well works in staging for given initial conditions and reverse thrust, chamber pressure variation from experiments. Furthermore, it is found that the technique using forward jets for staging is excellent for securing the separation safety.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.14
• /
• pp.5729-5732
• /
• 2014

Background: Cervical cancer is the third most common gynecological cancer and a widespread malignancy in women, accounting for a large proportion of the cancer burden in developing countries. We compared accuracy of MRI staging with clinical staging and also concordance between the two methods for newly diagnosed patients with cervical cancer, using clinical staging as the reference. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 27 newly diagnosed patients with cervical cancer from Imam Khomeini hospital from June 2012 to Feb 2014. New cases of cervical cancer with positive PAP test were staged separately with a clinical exam based on the FIGO system by a gynecologist, oncologist and also with MRI by an expert radiologist. Then we compared the predicted stage for each patient with the two methods. Results: Based on clinical staging 9 patients (33%) were observed at stage 1. MRI staging was in coordination with clinical staging in eight of them and for one patient MRI accorded stage 2B (88% concordance). Conclusions: MRI is a reliable noninvasive method with high accuracy for cervical cancer staging. Also presently it is easily obtainable, so we recommend using this technique along with clinical examination for staging cervical cancer patients. We also recommend to radiologists and residents of radiology to get experience with this method of staging.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.84-92
• /
• 2021

Purpose: To date, no studies have been performed on staging based on the lymph node ratio (LNR) in elderly patients with gastric cancer who may require limited lymph node (LN) dissection due to morbidity and tissue fragility. We aimed to develop a new N staging system using the LNR in elderly patients with gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: The present study included patients aged over 75 years who underwent curative gastrectomy between January 1989 and December 2018. Clinicopathological data including the number of retrieved and metastatic LNs were collected and the LNR values were obtained (LNR = the number of metastatic LNs/the number of retrieved LNs). Eleven LNR groups with intervals of 0.1 were divided into four stages based on the inflection points at which the hazard ratio (HR) increased. Survival analysis was performed to evaluate the prognostic value of the LNR. Results: The four LNR stages included LNR0 (n=364), LNR1 (n=128), LNR2 (n=103), and LNR3 (n=10). In the multivariate analysis, both N staging and LNR staging exhibited significant prognostic values for predicting survival outcomes. However, the incremental change in the hazard ratio (HR) between consecutive stages was greater for the LNR staging than for the N staging (HRs: 1.607, 2.758, and 3.675 for N staging; 1.583, 3.514, and 10.261 for LNR staging). Conclusions: LNR staging is more useful than N staging in predicting the prognosis in elderly patients with gastric cancer and may be used as a complement or alternative to N staging.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Reports
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.13-17
• /
• 2019

Stomach cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in the world. The incidence of stomach cancer is declining worldwide, however, gastric cancer still remains the third most common cause of cancer death. The tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) staging system has been frequently used as a method for cancer staging system and the most important reference in cancer treatment. In 2016, the classification of gastric cancer TNM staging was revised in the 8^th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) edition. There are several modifications in stomach cancer staging in this edition compared to the 7^th edition. First, the anatomical boundary between esophagus and stomach has been revised, therefore the definition of stomach cancer and esophageal cancer has refined. Second, N3 is separated into N3a and N3b in pathological classification. Patients with N3a and N3b revealed distinct prognosis in stomach cancer, and these results brought changes in pathological staging. Several large retrospective studies were conducted to compare staging between the 7^th and 8^th AJCC editions including prognostic value, stage grouping homogeneity, discriminatory ability, and monotonicity of gradients globally. The main objective of this review is to evaluate the clinical and pathological implications of AJCC 8^th staging classification in the stomach cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.14 no.12
• /
• pp.7075-7080
• /
• 2013

Background: Oral submucosal fibrosis (OSMF) is one of the most prevalent premalignant conditions in India which is easy to diagnose but difficult to manage. At present it is considered as irreversible and incurable. It has also been referred to as an epidemic in India. Aims and Objectives: To correlate the frequency and duration of habits with clinical staging, functional staging and histopathological grading and to correlate the clinical and functional staging with histopathological grading. Materials and Methods: The study included a total of 90 subjects, 80 with OSMF in the experimental group and 10 patients in the control group. Patient personal history was recorded with chewing habits, including frequency and duration of chewing. The site of keeping the quid, time duration and whether he/she swallows it or spits it were also noted. Clinical staging was done on the presence of palpable fibrous bands. Functional staging was accomplished by measuring mouth opening. Incisional biopsy was done for all the patients for histopathological examination. Histopathological grading was according to Pindborg and Sirsat. Results: The experimental group comprised 71 males and 9 females, the majority of which were in the age group of 21-30 years. Correlation of habits with clinical staging, functional staging and histopathological grading were significant (p<0.05). Clinical and functional staging did not correlate with histopathological grading, but the correlation of clinical and functional staging was highly significant (p<0.01). Conclusions: The widespread habit of chewing gutkha is a major risk factor for OSMF, especially in the younger age group. In this study, it was found that with increase in the duration and frequency of the habit the severity of the disease increased.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2004.10a
• /
• pp.145-150
• /
• 2004

In this study the numerical analysis on staging flow with forward ejector is conducted. The forward ejector plays a vital role in staging, which jets out from aftbody. This staging environment needs careful flow analysis for securing staging safety Present study investigates the steady inviscid staging flow phenomena with variation of separation distance. The performance index is forebody base pressure coefficients. The three dominant flow phenomena are observed according to separation distance which could be told as impinging stage, cavity vortex dominancy stage, and pure base flow characteristics stage. Impinging stage shows high thrust for forebody as one might think. However, important point is that cavity vortex dominancy stage can be more favorable for separation than impinging stage as one simply think in certain separation distance.

• 대한족부족관절학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2008.11a
• /
• pp.32-32
• /
• 2008

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.59 no.1
• /
• pp.127-137
• /
• 2021

Air emission charge for nitrogen oxide as a precursor of fine dust has been introduced and implemented within the country from 2020. Therefore, the development of economical combustion technology for NOx reduction has got more needed urgently. This study investigated the air-staging effect as a way to reduce the NOx during combustion of domestic unused forest biomass, recently possible to secure REC (Renewable Energy Certification) as a substitute for overseas wood pellets in a 0.1 MWth circulating fluidized bed combustion test-rig. Operating conditions were comparison with and without air-staging, the supply position of tertiary air (6.4 m, 8.1 m, 9.4 m in the combustor) and variation of air-staging ratio (Primary air:Secondary air:Tertiary air=91%:9%:0%, 82%:9%:9%, 73%:9%:18%). NO and CO concentrations in flue gas, profiles of temperature and pressure at the height of the combustion, unburned carbon in sampled fly ash and combustion efficiency on operating conditions were evaluated. As notable results, NO concentration with air-staging application under tertiary air supply at 9.4 m in the combustor reduced 100.7 ppm compared to 148.8 ppm without air-staging while, CO concentration increased from 52.2 ppm without air-staging to 99.8 ppm with air-staging. However, among air-staging runs, when tertiary air supply amount at 6.4 m in the combustor increased by air-staging ratio (Primary air:Secondary air:Tertiary air=73%:9%:18%), NO and CO concentrations decreased the lowest 90.8 ppm and 66.1 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, combustion efficiency at this condition was improved to 99.3%, higher than that (98.3%) of run without air-staging.