• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.573-580
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• 2008

This study was aimed to investigate that training of horses is related with the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) in erythrocyte of racing horses. The SOD activity was assayed from erythrocyte of six Thoroubred horses having final stage of training, about 21 month-old, 474~509 kg body weight for race trainig. During 7 weeks of training period from 24th Sep. to 6th Nov, horses were bled very carefully 4 times at 1st Oct, 16th Oct, 30th Oct. and 6th Nov. As the training period passed, erythrocyte of the horses have gradually increased the MnSOD activity(p<0.05) and lowered the CuZnSOD activity. The plasma ceruloplasmin and peroxidase activities, and lactate levels were reduced gradually while peroxide and glucose levels gradually increased. The calculated oxygen consumption(Eaton, 1995) for training of horses were linearly related with the MnSOD activity(r=0.650, n=32) but negatively with CuZnSOD activity in erythrocyte and lactate levels(r=－349, n=32) in plasma. Also, peroxide levels in plasma of horses had positive relation with the MnSOD activity in erythrocyte(r=0.616, n=48). In conclusions, as the training is progressed, the raised MnSOD activity in erythrocytes and peroxide levels in plasma indicated balances between oxidant and antioxidants for the protection from ROS during race of horses. The results showed that the MnSOD activity in erythrocyte and peroxide levels in plasma may be used as marker for the intensity of training racing horses.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.279-284
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• 2010

Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a widespread disease that causes serious problems in many brassica growing areas. To establish more simple and reliable clubroot screening method of Chinese cabbage to P. brassicae using soil-drenching inoculation, the development of clubroot on Chinese cabbage according to several conditions such as soil type, inoculum concentration of P. brassicae GN-1 (race 9), plant growth stage and incubation period was studied. In a commercial horticulture nursery media soil (CNS), disease severity of the seedling according to inoculum concentration increased in a dose-dependent manner, but did not in mixture of CNS and upland soil (1:1, v/v). To facilitate and acquire precise result of resistance screening of Chinese cabbage to clubroot, 10-day-old seedlings should be inoculated by drenching the spore suspension of P. brassicae to give inoculum density of $4.0{\times}10^8$ spores/pot. To develop the disease, the inoculated seedlings were incubated in a growth chamber at $20^{\circ}C$ for 3 days, and then cultivated in a greenhouse ($25{\pm}5^{\circ}C$) for five weeks. Under the optimum conditions, 25 clubroot-resistant (CR) and 3 clubroot-susceptible (CS) cultivars were tested for resistance to P. brassicae. All CR cultivars showed very clear resistance response, on the other hand all CS cultivars severly infected with the pathogen. The results suggest that this method is efficient screening method of Chinese cabbage for resistance to clubroot disease.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.198-203
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• 2011

Background and Objectives : Distinguishing benign from malignant lesion in thyroid noddex is important but clinically difficult. FNAB is the first investigation of choice. However, cytologic results are often indeterminable. In those cases, additional molecular biologic tests are helpful. If serologic tests are available to predict malignancy, it can be useful to fortify accurate diagnosis. We analyzed whether TSH or FreeT4 level could be used as a predictor of malignancy. Materials and Methods : From January 2008 to March 2009, 540 patients received one of thyroidectomy in a single center. We only included 167 patients from 18 to 65 years old without cardiopulmonary or renal disorders. All the patients were in euthyroid state and took no medications, which affect the thyroid function. We reviewed charts retrospectively to find out differences in TSH level and FreeT4 level between the benign and malignant groups. Results : In this study, all the patients with malignancy had the papillary cancer. In benign group, average TSH level came out to be 1.48mU/L, whereas the average TSH level of malignant group was 1.98 mU/L. Moreover, the higher the cancer stage was, the higher the TSH level was. Although we have adjusted factors that can affect TSH level(age, sex, race, goiter type), we still received the same result. The risk of malignant cancer increased in proportion with TSH level within the normal range. In free T4 level, there was no difference between benign and malignant group. Conclusion : We propose that TSH level can play a role as one of the predictors for thyroid cancer. However, there is limitation because all the patients with malignancy in this study have papillary cancer. Thus, we can apply this result only in papillary cancer, and we need more study for other types of thyroid cancer.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2000

Development of Bracon hebetor Say parasitizing Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) was studied at five temperature conditions (17, 20, 25, 28 and 32$\pm$0.5$^{\circ}C$) under a photoperiod of 16 : 8 (L : D). Developmental period (mean$\pm$s.e.) of B. hebetor from egg to eclosion decreased from 28.6$\pm$0.50 to 9.3 $\pm$0.09 days and 28.1 $\pm$0.51 to 9.2$\pm$0.09 days for female and male, respectively, as the temperature increased from 17 to $32^{\circ}C$. The combination model provided a good description of the relationship between temperature and development. The low temperature thresholds were estimated to be 14.0, 12.8, 15.1$^{\circ}C$ for development of egg, larva and pupa. The thresholds for normal development (outside of the boundary layer of the development) were 14.0, 17.5, $15.1^{\circ}C$ for egg, larva and pupa, respectively, indicating that the larval stage is more sensitive to the low temperature than the other stages. The results suggested that the present B. hebetor population could be another ecological race adapting to the seasonal temperature conditions of this area.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6705-6709
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• 2015

Background: Venous thromboembolisms (VTEs) constitute a group of diseases including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). They regarded as the second leading cause of death in cancer patients and several studies have confirmed that VTEs have a negative impact on survival and recurrent rate in both ovarian and endometrial cancer cases. The incidence of VTEs differs worldwide and depends on several risk factors including race, underlying disease, lifestyle, body weight, BMI and genetic risk factors. There is heterogeneity of DVT rates between Asian and Western countries. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the character and incidence of VTEs in gynecologic oncology patients in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital over a 10 year period. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed with VTEs defined as objective diagnosis of acute DVT or PE with typical symptoms and signs. Diagnoses were approved byan internist and/or confirmed with imaging studies. Data from both outpatient and inpatient sessions of the affected cases from January 2004 to December 2013 were extracted. General characteristics of the patients were collected with details of the diseases, types of cancer, stage, date of diagnosis of cancer, operative data, treatment outcome, progression free survival and overall survival. Results: Thirty cases of VTEs were identified in a total 2,316 gynecologic oncology cases. The incidence of symptomatic VTEs in total gynecologic oncology patients in our institution is 1.295%. The incidence of VTEs in ovarian cancer patients in our institution was 5.9%. Duration for VTE detection ranged from 13 months before diagnosis of cancer to 33 months after diagnosis of cancer. Most of the VTE cases were detected in ovarian cancer patients (60%). The most common cell type was adenocarcinoma (moderately to poorly differentiated) which accounted for 26.7% of the cases. The second most common cell type was clear cell carcinoma with 23.3% of the cases. Thirty percent of VTE cases developed before cancer was diagnosed, 20% were diagnosed at the same time as cancer detection and fifty percent developed after cancer was diagnosed. Median disease free survival of the gynecologic oncology patients with VTE was 7.5 months. Median overall survival (OS) was 12 months. Median progession free survivals of DVT and PE groups were 11.5 and 5.5 months, respectively. OS of DVT and PE was 12.0 and 11.5 months respectively. Conclusions: The incidence of VTE in Asian countries is believed to be lower than in European or Western countries. From our retrospective review, the incidence of VTEs in all types of gynecologic oncology was 1.295%, much lower than reported in the West. The reason for the lower incidence may genetic differences. Another factor is that VTE in this review was symptomatic, which is less than asymptomatic VTE. More than half of VTEs in this study developed in ovarian cancer patients. The results are compatible with earlier reports that among gynecologic malignancies, the incidence of VTE is highest in ovarian cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6913-6917
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• 2013

Background: Although the PSA test has been used in Korea for over 20 years, the incidence of prostate cancer has risen, and the associated mortality has increased about 13-fold over the 20-year period. Also, several investigators have suggested that Asians in America are more likely to present with more advanced prostate cancer than Caucasians. We compared the characteristics of native Koreans and Americans (Caucasians and African-Americans) undergoing radical prostatectomies in Korea and the US. Materials and Methods: Study subjects comprised patients at Korean and US hospitals from 2004 to 2012 who had undergone radical prostatectomies. We compared the characteristics of the subjects, including age, preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, body mass index (BMI), Gleason score, and pathological T stage. Results: In total, 1,159 males (502 Koreans, 657 Americans) were included. The Korean and American patients had mean ages of $67.1{\pm}6.6$ and $59.2{\pm}6.7$ years, respectively. The mean preoperative PSAs were $15.4{\pm}17.9$ and $6.2{\pm}4.6ng/mL$ (p=0.0001) and the mean BMIs were $23.6{\pm}2.6$ and $28.7{\pm}4.4kg/m^2$ (p=0.0001), respectively. Pathological localized prostate cancer represented 71.7% of cases for Koreans and 77.6% for Americans (p=0.07). According to age, Koreans had higher T stages than Americans in their 50s (p=0.021) and higher Gleason scores than Americans in all age groups. According to PSA, Koreans had higher Gleason scores than Americans for PSA >10 ng/mL (p<0.05). According to prostate size and Gleason scores, Koreans had higher PSA values than Americans (p<0.01). Conclusions: These results show that Korean patients have elevated risk of malignant prostate cancers, as indicated by the significantly higher Gleason scores and PSAs, suggesting a need for novel prostate cancer treatment strategies in Korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 1981

Using the milled, blast infected leaves (BIL) as an inoculum source on the screening for the resistance to blast of rice plant was a simple and useful technique. The temperature with high (25^\circ C\sim 35^\circ C) and low (15^\circ C\sim 28^\circ C) and the water stressed or not, was conditioned of to the inoculation with the BIL to the test varieties in seedling stage. In low temperature, most of the varieties were more infected with blast, however the Indica-Japonica hybrids were more infected in high temperature conditions. The water stressed was more infected with blast than the not stressed. The interaction of variety with water stress was not so much as that of variety with temperature. Resistant reaction to blast (BIL) was not affected by the temperature and water stress, but the moderately resistant or susceptible one was much affected by them. Inoculum of BIL was virulent to the newly bred Indica-Japonica hybrid cultivars such as Tongil, Nopung, etc, but not virulent to the Japonica cultivars such as Nongbaek, Jinheung, etc. The discrete, mixed or variable lesions were observed mainly in the moderately resistant or susceptible cultivars such as Kanto 51, Yashiromochi, Ishikari-shiroke, etc.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.13
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• pp.687-738
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• 2016

To prepare for the complicated international relationship regarding Korean Peninsula after reunification, this thesis started off with the awareness that Unified Korea should build its international posture and national security at an early stage by determining its appropriate military strength for independent defense and military strategies that Unified Korea should aim. The main theme of this thesis is 'The research on appropriate military strength of the Unified Korean military'. To derive appropriate military strength of Unified Korea, this research focuses on conflict scenario and relative balance strategy based on potential threats posed by neighboring countries, and this is the part that differentiates this research from other researches. First of all, the main objective of the research is to decide appropriate military strength for Unified Korea to secure defense sufficiency. For this, this research will decide efficient military strategy that Unified Korea should aim. Than by presuming the most possible military conflict scenario, this research will judge the most appropriate military strength for Unified Korea to overcome the dispute. Second, after deciding appropriate military strength, this research will suggest how to operate presumed military strength in each armed force. The result of this thesis is as in the following. First, Unified Korea should aim 'relative balance strategy'. 'Relative balance strategy' is a military strategy which Unified Korea can independently secure defense sufficiency by maintaining relative balance when conflicts occur between neighboring countries. This strategy deters conflicts in advance by relative balance of power in certain time and place. Even if conflict occurs inevitably, this strategy secures initiative. Second, when analyzing neighboring countries interest and strategic environment after unification, the possibility of all-out war will be low in the Korean Peninsula because no other nation wants the Korean Peninsula to be subordinated to one single country. Therefore appropriate military strength of the Unified Korean military would be enough when Unified Korea can achieve relative balance in regional war or limited war. Third, Northeast Asia is a region where economic power and military strength is concentrated. Despite increasing mutual cooperation in the region, conflicts and competition to expand each countries influence is inherent. Japan is constantly enhancing their military strength as they aim for normal statehood. China is modernizing their military strength as they aspire to become global central nation. Russia is also enhancing their military strength in order to hold on to their past glory of Soviet Union as a world power. As a result, both in quality and quantity, the gap between military strength of Unified Korea and each neighboring countries is enlarged at an alarming rate. Especially in the field of air-sea power, arms race is occurring between each nation. Therefore Unified Korea should be equipped with appropriate military strength in order to achieve relative balance with each threats posed by neighboring countries. Fourth, the most possible conflicts between Unified Korea and neighboring countries could be summarized into four, which are Dokdo territorial dispute with Japan, Leodo jurisdictional dispute with China, territorial dispute concerning northern part of the Korea Peninsula with China and disputes regarding marine resources and sea routes with Russia. Based on those conflict scenarios, appropriate military strength for Unified Korea is as in the following. When conflict occurs with Japan regarding Dokdo, Japan is expected to put JMSDF Escort Flotilla 3, one out of four of its Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Escort Fleet, which is based in Maizuru and JMSDF Maizuru District. To counterbalance this military strength, Unified Korea needs one task fleet, comprised with three task flotilla. In case of jurisdictional conflict with China concerning Leodo, China is expected to dispatch its North Sea fleet, one out of three of its naval fleet, which is in charge of the Yellow Sea. To response to this military action, Unified Korea needs one task fleet, comprised with three task flotilla. In case of territorial dispute concerning northern part of the Korean Peninsula with China, it is estimated that out of seven Military Region troops, China will dispatch two Military Region troops, including three Army Groups from Shenyang Military Region, where it faces boarder with the Korean Peninsula. To handle with this military strength, Unified Korea needs six corps size ground force strength, including three corps of ground forces, two operational reserve corps(maneuver corps), and one strategic reserve corps(maneuver corps). When conflict occurs with Russia regarding marine resources and sea routes, Russia is expected to send a warfare group of a size that includes two destroyers, which is part of the Pacific Fleet. In order to balance this strength, Unified Korea naval power requires one warfare group including two destroyers. Fifth, management direction for the Unified Korean military is as in the following. Regarding the ground force management, it would be most efficient to deploy troops in the border area with china for regional and counter-amphibious defense. For the defense except the border line with china, the most efficient form of force management would be maintaining strategic reserve corps. The naval force should achieve relative balance with neighboring countries when there is maritime dispute and build 'task fleet' which can independently handle long-range maritime mission. Of the three 'task fleet', one task fleet should be deployed at Jeju base to prepare for Dokdo territorial dispute and Leodo jurisdictional dispute. Also in case of regional conflict with china, one task fleet should be positioned at Yellow Sea and for regional conflict with Japan and Russia, one task fleet should be deployed at East Sea. Realistically, Unified Korea cannot possess an air force equal to neither Japan nor China in quantity. Therefore, although Unified Korea's air force might be inferior in quantity, they should possess the systematic level which Japan or China has. For this Unified Korea should build air base in island areas like Jeju Island or Ullenong Island to increase combat radius. Also to block off infiltration of enemy attack plane, air force needs to build and manage air bases near coastal areas. For landing operation forces, Marine Corps should be managed in the size of two divisions. For island defense force, which is in charge of Jeju Island, Ulleung Island, Dokdo Island and five northwestern boarder island defenses, it should be in the size of one brigade. Also for standing international peace keeping operation, it requires one brigade. Therefore Marine Corps should be organized into three divisions. The result of the research yields a few policy implications when building appropriate military strength for Unified Korea. First, Unified Korea requires lower number of ground troops compared to that of current ROK(Republic of Korea) force. Second, air-sea forces should be drastically reinforced. Third, appropriate military strength of the Unified Korean military should be based on current ROK military system. Forth, building appropriate military strength for Unified Korea should start from today, not after reunification. Because of this, South Korea should build a military power that can simultaneously prepare for current North Korea's provocations and future threats from neighboring countries after reunification. The core of this research is to decide appropriate military strength for Unified Korea to realize relative balance that will ensure defense sufficiency from neighboring countries threats. In other words, this research should precisely be aware of threats posed by neighboring countries and decide minimum level of military strength that could realize relative balance in conflict situation. Moreover this research will show the path for building appropriate military strength in each armed force.