• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 2011

Background: There is controversy regarding the relative perioperative benefits of desflurane when used for induction of anesthesia. Inhalation induction with desflurane alone causes adverse airway events, such as coughing, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, and copious secretion of varying severity. The aim of this study was to determine whether desflurane minimize cardiovascular activation during induction. Methods: Sixty ASA I and II patients were randomized to receive 1 MAC or 1.5 MAC of desflurane during manual vernilation or not. Patients received propofol (2 mg/kg) to induce loss of consciousness (LOC). Rocuronium (0.8 mg/kg) was given at LOC and the trachea was intubated after 90 seconds of manual breathing support with or without inhaled anesthetics. Vital signs and adverse airway events were recorded until 10 minutes post-intubation. Results: A significant increase in blood pressure and heart rate were seen in no desflurane group. The stable vital signs were seen in desflurane groups. The adverse airway events were increased in 1.5 MAC group but 1 MAC group. Conclusions: Desflurane was able to be stable blood pressure and heart rate at 1 MAC but adverse airway events were increased at 1.5 MAC of desflurane.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.160-165
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• 2019

A series of reactions between an amino alcoholic ligand, cis-2-((2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethyl)amino)cyclohexan-1-ol (HEAC), with the mixtures of group 12 metals including, $HgCl_2/CdCl_2$, $HgCl_2/CdI_2$, $ZnCl_2/CdCl_2$ and $ZnCl_2/CdCl_2/HgCl_2$ was experimentally and theoretically studied to determine the most stable product of these reactions. Furthermore, the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) studies were done to evaluate the theoretical results. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, Raman, $^1H$ NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Based on these investigations a binuclear structure of cadmium, [$Cd_2(HEAC)_2({\mu}-Cl)_2Cl_2$] (1), is the most stable product that was formed in all studied reactions between HEAC and metals mixtures. In this structure, the cadmium atom has a $CdN_2O({\mu}-Cl)_2Cl$ environment and distorted octahedral geometry.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1989

$^{99m}Tc-Pertechnetate\;(TcO_4^-)$ is concentrated by the stomach after intravenous injection, allowing the detection of ectopic gastric mucosa. It has been used to develop a noninvasive test of gastric secretion. However the cellular site of concentration is still controversial, that is whether mucin-secreting epithelial cell or acid-secreting parietal cell. This study is planned to investigate the effects of cimetidine and gastric acidity on the retention of $TcO_4^-$ in the gastric wall of the rat. Also we further attempted to clarify the uptake and secreting cell of $TcO_4^-$ in the gastric mucosa. One hundred rats were divided into two groups, preliminary (40 rats) and main examination group (60 rats). Preliminary examination group was composed of fasting group (20 rats) for the detection of the time for reaching stable $TcO_4^-$ retention ratio in gastric wall and post-prandial group (20 rats) for the detection of the time for reaching the maximal gastric acidity. Main examination group was composed of fasting group (30 rats), which was subdivided into control group (10 rats), cimetidine group (10rats), $Mylanta^{(R)}$ group (10 rats) and post?prandial group (30 rats), which was subaivided into 90 min group (10 rats), 90 min cimetidine group (10 rats), and 120 min group (10 rats). Retention ratio (%) of $TcO_4$ in the gastric wall and the pH of the gastric contents were measured in the extracted stomach of the six groups. Gastric wall retention ratio of $TcO_4^-$ was calculated by the gastric wall radioactivity (cpm) divided by total gastric radioactivity (cpm) at 30 mins after intravenous injection of 0.4 mCi of $TcO_4^-$. The results were as follows: 1) The time required for reaching stable $TcO_4$ retention ratio and the lowest gastric PH were 30 min and 90 min, respectively. 2) In the fasting group, the gastric wall retention ratio of $TcO_4^-$ was significantly increased in the cimetidine group, compared with the control group (P < 0.01). However there was no significant difference between the control and $Mylanta^{(R)}$ group 3) The $TcO_4^-$ retention ratios of 90 min and 120 min groups were lower than that of the fasting control group (p < 0.05), either. After administration of cimetidine, the retention ratio was significantly increased in 90 min group (p < 0.01). 4) While $TcO_4^-$ retention ratio and gastric pH were well correlated in the post-prandial 120 min group (r=0.7112, p<0.05), in the post-prandial 90 min and 90 min cimetidine groups correlated poorly. However, there was no correlation in the three fasting groups at all. Referring the above results, we infer that $TcO_4^-$ is secreted into the gastric lumen by both parietal and non-parietal cells, with dominant non-parietal $TcO_4^-$ secretion in the fasting state and dominant parietal $TcO_4^-$ secretion in the stimulated state.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of sit-to-stand training on unstable surfaces in individuals with stroke. Nineteen subjects with chronic stroke were divided into two groups: an experimental group (10 subjects) and a control group (9 subjects). They received 30 minutes of Neuro-developmental therapy (NDT) treatment, and sit-to-stand exercise for 15 minutes three times a week for four weeks. During the sit-to-stand training, the experimental group performed on an unstable AIREX balance pad, but the control group performed on a stable surface. Balance ability and weight-bearing distribution during quiet standing were measured before and after training period using the 7-item Berg balance scale-3P (BBS-3P) and the Five-times-sit-to-stand test (FTSST). In addition, the muscle strength of the knee extensor was evaluated before and after the training period. The results were as follows: 1) The weight-bearing distribution forward of the affected leg, increased significantly in the experimental group after the four-week intervention (p<.05), 2) The 7-item BBS-3P and FTSST increased significantly in the experimental group after the four-week intervention (p<.05), 3) The knee extensor muscle strength in both groups increased significantly after the four-week intervention (p<.05). In conclusion, the results of this study did not show that the sit-to-stand training on an unstable surface was more effective than on a stable surface. However, the results suggested that sit-to-stand training is effective in the balance training of stroke patients.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2017

The number of one-person households has increased because of social and economic changes in Korea. The purpose of this study is to figure out the need for different types of furniture plans, based on life styles, that minimize undesired dead spaces for those individuals who live by themselves in a one-room studio. Residents of Busan, who are in their 20 to 40 s, answered questionnaires provided by the researchers. 156 questionnaires were analyzed through a statistical process by using SPSS Win 18.0K. The major findings are as follows: (1) The subject's lifestyles were classified into five lifestyle factors: the self-actualizing lifestyle factor, the well-being pursuing lifestyle factor, the open and sociable lifestyle factor, the stable and convenient lifestyle factor, and the information-oriented lifestyle factor. (2) These factors contributed to five lifestyle groups with common characteristic: the 'self-actualizing group' has a positive attitude about self-improvement and most subjects in this group are professionals. The 'well-being pursuing group' has a positive attitude about comfort living. The 'open and sociable lifestyle group' mostly consisted of students who are very positive in regards to accepting new trends. The 'stable and convenient lifestyle group' values stability and convenience in their life. The 'information-oriented group' pursues a lifestyle substantially depending on obtaining online and off-line information.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.247-256
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• 2012

Stable carbon isotope ratio of oil components are known to be unaffected by weathering processes and thus has been widely used to determine the origin of spilled oil. In this study, molecular index and composition of stable carbon isotope in 15 crude oils and petroleum product were analyzed and used as oil fingerprints to determine the discriminating power of each fingerprinting method among target crude oils. Through the fingerprints of alkane distribution only Bintulu and B-C(1%) were distinguishable from other crude oils. The pristane/phytane ratio can classify the crude oils into three groups but differentiation of crude oils within a group was impossible using the ratio. The crude oils of A.L., A.S.L., Foroozan and B-C(1%) were differentiated from the other oils using PAH source recognition indexes of C2D/C2P and C3D/C3P. The usage of 4-mD/1-mD and 2/3-mD/1-mD ratio was able to distinguish A.S.L., Bintulu and Oman from the other crude oils. However the PAH source recognition ratios in the other crude oils were similar and thus they were impractical to be used for source identification among the target crude oils. Stable carbon isotope ratios of alkanes were able to uniquely specify each crude oil in the plot of ${\delta}^{13}C_{C21}$ and ${\delta}^{13}C_{C25}$ except A.L., A.M., Qatar-Marine, B-C(1%). The oil fingerprinting method using stable carbon isotope ratios of individual alkane compounds showed more discriminating power among the target crude oils than the conventional source recognition indexes of PAHs or alkanes.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.724-743
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• 2000

One of the biggest clinical problems of osseointegrated implant prosthesis is the excessive stress caused by bite forces which are transfered directly into the bone through the osseointegrated implant fixtures. So several biodynamic problems occur when there is an excessive fatigue stress. The factors of stress distribution are the number, kind, position, arrangement of the implants, and the distance between the implants, and the kind, quality of superstructure prosthesis and connection type between the rest implant and the superstructure. Recently, a distal short additional implant, socalled rest implant, is employed to reduced the stresses in conventional cantilevered prostheses. This study was undertaken to analyze the stresses transfered by osseointegrated implant cantilevered prostheses depending upon the number and the position of implants, the presence of rest implant, and the type of their connection. Three dimensional finite element analysis was attempted using ANSIS ver. 5.3 program under IBM INDIGO computer. The results were as follows : 1. The rest implant influenced on the pattern of stress distribution on the anterior area of the mandible and the superstructure. 2. In the group employing the rest implants, the fixed type of connection between the rest implant and the superstructure was more stable than the ball attachment type on the stress distribution. 3. In the group employing the ball attachment between the rest implant and the superstructure, the case with 4-implants(on canine, premolar) was little more stable than the case with 6-implants and the case with 4-implants(on incisor, premolar) on the stress distribution. 4. In the cantilevered group, the case with 4-implants(on incisor, premolar) and the case with 6-implants were more stable than the case with 4-implants(on canine, premolar) on the stress distribution. 5. In all of the group, the case with 6-implants and the fixed type of connection was the most stable and the case with 4-implants (on canine, premolar) was the most unstable on the stress distribution.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Purpose: The objective of this study was compare the effect of core muscle strengthening between core exercise on stable surface and core exercise on unstable surface. Methods: Thirty-nine adults participated in this study and were randomly allocated to three groups. The stable surface exercise group and unstable surface exercise groups practiced core muscle training for $3{\times}30minute$ sessions over a 4-week period. The control group did not received therapeutic intervention except pre and post test. The following clinical tools were used to assess core muscle strength and balance: Side Plank Test, Trunk Flexion Test, Balance Error Scoring Test, Core Muscle Stength & Stability Test. Results: The stable surface exercise group showed significant improvement in trunk muscle strength of anterolateral part as revealed by the Side Plank Test and Trunk flexion Test(p<.05). The unstable surface exercise group showed significant improvement in trunk muscle strength of anterolateral part and balance ability as revealed by the Balance Error Scoring Test and Core Muscle Strength & Stability Test(p<.05). Conclusion: The results of this study, both core exercise on stable surface and core exercise on unstable surface induced core muscle strengthening and balance ability. Expecially core exercise on unstable surface more effective to core muscle strengthening and balance ability.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 1982

The antihypertensive effect of clonidine administered concurrently with labetalol or metoprolol were studied with spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The changes of heart rate were also observed in the same rats. Every drug was orally administered single dose after prechecking the systolic blood pressure and heart rate of SHR. The blood pressure of SHR in concurrently administered group was more significantly decreased than in alone administered group. The effective and stable decrease of blood pressure was maintained at the group of clonidine with labetalol (0.05+50mg/kg) for 9 hours. The group of clonidine with metoprolol (0.05+100mg/kg) manifested more marked decrease of blood pressure than the group of metoprolol (100mg/kg) alone for 9 hours. The diminishing effect of heart rate was enhanced in group of administering clonidine with labetalol, decreasing the dose of labetalol from 50mg/kg via 25mg/kg to 12.5mg/kg. On the other hand, in the group that clonidine was administered concurrently with metoprolol, the diminishing effect of heart rate was decreased with decreasing doses of metoprolol from 100mg/kg via 50mg/kg to 25mg/kg.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2019

Recently, Chung and Lee [2] introduced the notion of topological stability for a finitely generated group action, and proved a group action version of the Walters's stability theorem. In this paper, we introduce the concepts of continuous shadowing and continuous inverse shadowing of a finitely generated group action on a compact metric space X with respect to various classes of admissible pseudo orbits and study the relationships between topological stability and continuous shadowing and continuous inverse shadowing property of group actions. Moreover, we introduce the notion of structural stability for a finitely generated group action, and we prove that an expansive action on a compact manifold is structurally stable if and only if it is continuous inverse shadowing.