• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.404-413
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• 2008

Major objectives were to evaluate effects of three schemes of bST-supplementation of Holstein cows (142.8 mg/14 d, POSILAC) during the prepartum and/or postpartum periods through 63 d (${\pm}3d$) of lactation. Measures evaluated the potential of treatments to improve body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS), provoke changes in plasma concentrations of somatotropin (ST) and IGF-I, and improve milk yield, milk composition (percentages of protein and fat, and somatic cell counts), and several calving variables. Multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments (TRT) to give four groups (I = no bST, n = 26; II = bST postpartum, n = 25; III = bST prepartum, n = 27; IV = bST prepartum and postpartum, n = 25). During the prepartum period, cows in groups I and II were not supplemented but those in groups III and IV were supplemented every 2-wk beginning 21 d before expected calving date through calving. During the first 63 DIM only cows in groups II and IV were supplemented with bST. From 64 DIM through the end of lactation cows in all groups were supplemented with the full lactation dose of bST (500 mg/14 d). The BW and BCS were recorded weekly throughout the prepartum and postpartum periods and every 2-wk beyond 70 DIM. Blood samples were collected 3-times a week for analyses of ST and IGF-I. Milk yields were recorded daily though 150 DIM. Prepartum supplementation of bST did not affect BW or BCS, but mean concentrations of ST were increased 12.2% and were 15.5% greater at calving. Overall, mean concentration of IGF-I was not affected by treatment but concentrations were greater at 1 and 2 wk before calving in bST-supplemented cows. During the first 63 DIM the BW and BCS were not affected by treatment. Significant effects of bST-supplementation were detected on concentrations of ST, IGF-I and on milk yield compared to non-supplemented cows in group I. Postpartum concentrations of ST were greater in bST-supplemented cows (TRT II and IV; +41.9 and 54.6%). However, concentrations of IGF-I were greater only in cows in group IV (+25.9%) during the postpartum period. Overall, the three bST-supplemented groups had greater actual milk yield than the control group (I) during the first 63 and 150 DIM. The actual milk yields during 63 and 150 DIM were 6.5 and 4.6 kg/d greater for cows in group IV than cows in group I and the 305-d ME milk yield also was 15.6% greater. No adverse effects of TRT were observed on calf birth weight, colostrum immunoglobulins, ease of calving or other measures evaluated.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.6567-6574
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• 2015

본 연구는 진해만에서 2010년 부영양화해역(St.1)과 빈영양화해역(St.22)에서, 2011년에는 부영양화해역(St.1, St.5), 중영양화해역(St.19), 빈영양화해역(St.22) 등 해역의 특성이 다른 정점에서 영양염농도구배(Nitrate: 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, $100{\mu}M$; Phosphate: 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, $10{\mu}M$)에 따른 식물플랑크톤의 성장반응 및 군집구조의 특성을 파악하였다. 2010년 St.1에서 질산염과 인산염첨가군에서는 농도구별에 따른 식물플랑크톤성장의 차이를 보였으나(One-way ANOVA:P<0.01), St.22에서는 영염첨농도구배에 따른 영양염첨가효과가 명확하지 않았다. 2010년 St. 1의 질산염 첨가군에서 와편모조류 Heterocapsa triquetra가 우점하였고, 인산염 실험군에서는 규조류 Pseudo-nitzchia spp.가 각각 우점하였다 진해만 중앙의 빈영양수계 St. 22에서는 질산염농도가 $10{\mu}M$ 전 후에서 Chaetoceros spp.가, $20{\mu}M$에서 Thalassiosira spp.가, > $50{\mu}M$에서 Pseudo-nitzchia spp.가 각각 우점하였고, 인산염 첨가시 $2{\mu}M$ 이하에서는 Cylindrotheca spp.로, $5{\mu}M$ 이상에서는 Pseudo-nitzchia spp.로 우점하였다. 2011년에는 4해역 모두 영양염농도구배에 따른 식물플랑크톤 성장의 명확한 차이를 보였다(One-way ANOVA:P<0.01). 하지만, 정점1, 5, 19에서는 식물플랑크톤의 성장이 2일 후부터 점차적으로 증가하였으나, 정점 22에서는 실험 6일후부터 반응하였고, 이는 낮은 영양염농도에 적응된 생물군에 갑작스럽게 영양염이 공급되어도 성장 지연현상이 일어날수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 식물플랑크톤의 우점종은 정점1의 낮은 영양염농도에서는 Eucampia spp., Chaetoceros spp.가 높게, 높은 영양염농도에서는 Skeletonema spp.와 Thalassiosira spp.로 나타났다. St. 5에서는 Skeletonema spp.가 우점하였고, St.19에서는 Chaetoceros spp.와 Skeletonema spp.도 상대적으로 높은 비율을 차지하였다. 반면, St. 22에서는 Thalassiosira spp.가 높은 점유율을 보였다. 결과적으로 영양염특성이 다른 해역에서 추가적으로 첨가한 영양염은 영양염 농도구배에 따라서 식물플랑크톤의 우점종 및 종조성을 차이를 보였고, 이는 각각의 해역의 특성에 따라서 식물플랑크톤의 현존량 및 우점종의 차이가 명확하게 나타나는 것을 잘 대변할 수 있는 중요한 근거라고 판단된다.

• 대한핵의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한핵의학회 2000년도 2nd Korea-China Congress of Nuclear Medicine and 39th Annual Spring Meeting if the Korea SOciety Nuclear Medicine
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• pp.73-73
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• 2000

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.167-170
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• 2002

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.184-193
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• 2007

In mammalian ovary, steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein mediates the true rate-limiting step of transport of cholesterol from outer to inner mitochondrial membrane. Appropriate expression of StAR gene represents an indispensable component of steroidogenesis and its regulation has been found to be species specific. However, limited information is available regarding StAR gene expression during estrous cycle in buffalo ovary. In the present study, expression, localization and hormonal regulation of StAR mRNA were analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in buffalo ovary and partial cDNA was cloned. Total RNA was isolated from whole follicles of different sizes, granulosa cells from different size follicles and postovulatory structures like corpus luteum and Corpus albicans. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed StAR mRNA expression in the postovulatory structure, corpus luteum. No StAR mRNA was detected in total RNA isolated from whole follicles of different size including the preovulatory follicle (>9 mm in diameter). However, granulosa cells isolated from preovulatory follicles showed the moderate expression of StAR mRNA. To assess the hormonal regulation of StAR mRNA, primary culture of buffalo granulosa cells were treated with FSH (100 ng/ml) alone or along with IGF-I (100 ng/ml) for 12 to 18 h. The abundance of StAR mRNA increased in cells treated with FSH alone or FSH with IGF-I. However, effect of FSH with IGF-I on mRNA expression was found highly significant (p<0.01). In conclusion, differential expression of StAR messages was observed during estrous cycle in buffalo ovary. Also, there was a synergistic action of IGF-I on FSH stimulation of StAR gene.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.784-793
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• 2004

Major objective was to evaluate three doses of bST (POSILAC(R)) injected into Holstein cows during the transition period and through 56 d of lactation for potential to improve DMI, BCS, BW, metabolites, hormones, IGF-I and milk production. Biweekly injections of bST (0, 5.1, 10.2, or 15.3 mg bST/d) began 28 d before expected parturition and continued through 56 d postpartum. Twenty-three of the 25 multiparous Holstein cows assigned randomly to four groups completed experiment (7, 5, 6 and 5 cows/group, respectively). The DMI, BW and BCS were recorded weekly throughout the prepartum and postpartum periods and blood samples were collected thrice weekly for analyses of ST, insulin, $T_{4}$, $T_{3}$, IGF-I, glucose and NEFA. Milk yields were recorded daily through 60 d postpartum and milk components measured once weekly. Mathematical model for data analyses for prepartum and postpartum periods included treatment, calving month, and the two-factor interaction. Cows injected with 10.2 and 15.3 mg bST prepartum had greater mean prepartum concentrations of ST and IGF-I. Prepartum injections of bST did not affect prepartum BW or BCS. On average, cows injected postpartum better maintained their BCS during first 60 d of lactation (3.15$\pm$0.06, 3.12$\pm$0.007, 3.20$\pm$0.006 and 3.58$\pm$0.009). Treatments did not affect mean prepartum DMI but cows injected with 15.3 mg bST/d had greatest DMI and greatest mean daily MY during the first 3 wk and tended to be greater during first 60 d of lactation. Cows injected with two highest bST doses (10.1 and 15.2 mg/d) had greater mean postpartum concentrations of ST and $T_{3}$, but IGF-I, $T_{4}$, glucose and NEFA did not differ across groups. No adverse effects of bST treatment were observed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.88-95
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• 2003

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of exogenous bovine somatotropin on the mammary function in late lactating crossbred Holstein cows. Twelve 87.5% late lactating Holstein cows, approximately 30 weeks postpartum, were divided into two groups of 6 animals each. Animals in the control group were given sodium bicarbonate buffer by subcutaneous injection, while animals in the treated group were given recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) by subcutaneous injection with 500 mg of bST (14 day prolonged-release bST). After bST injection, milk yield significantly increased from the control level on day 8 to day 20 (p<0.05) with a concomitant increase in mammary blood flow (p<0.01). An increase in mammary blood flow in response to bST treatment was greater than an increase in milk production. An increased plasma concentration of IGF-I coincided with an increase in mammary blood flow in animals treated with bST. There were no significant changes in the concentration of arterial plasma glucose concentration, the arteriovenous concentration difference (A-V difference) and mammary extraction ratio while the mammary glucose uptake increased when compared to the control group. The concentration of arterial plasma triglyceride decreased throughout the experimental period in animals give bST. The plasma concentration of acetate, and the mammary uptake for acetate significantly increased (p<0.05) after bST treatment. The action of bST did not affect the plasma concentration, A-V difference and extraction ratio across the mammary gland for $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate. The concentrations of milk fat and lactose tended to increase during bST treatment. Milk protein concentration initially increased in the first few days and decreased after bST injection when compared to the pretreated period. The present results indicated that bST could affect the mammary function in late lactating cows by increase in milk yield involving changes in both extra-mammary and intra-mammary mechanisms. The exogenous bST exerted its galactopoietic action through an increase in circulating IGF-I of the late lactating Crossbred Holstein cattle.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2018

Objectives : Most meridians have each well point located at the distal end of fingers or toes, congruous with their meridian courses. Exceptively, ST45(Yeotae), stomach meridian(ST)'s final point, is located at the lateral side of the tip of the second toe, while the tip of the second toe was not mentioned in the course of ST. So, we studied the course of lower limb region of ST. Methods : Courses of ST in Categorized Collection of Literatures on Chinese Meridians and Collaterals(CCM) was examined. The literatures included in CCM was selected as study subjects to be studied if the meridian route was different from "Youngchu" or more detailed notes were attached. There are 3 branches in lower limb region of ST, we analyzed theories of scholars of all time about the 3 branches of ST. Results and Conclusions : Branch 1 descends along the lateral margin of the fibula to the dorsum of foot, entering into the medial side of the middle toe. Branch 2 leaves ST36 separately, terminating at the lateral side of the middle toe. Branch 3 leaves ST42 and descends to the end of the great toe. The medial side of the middle toe equate to the lateral side of the second toe, and it is connected to ST45. So branch 1 is the main stream of ST. Branch 3 drives to the great toe passing between first and second toe, it goes medial side of LR2.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.99-111
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• 1991

In each nuruk using today, effect of pH on glucoamylase activity and viable cell count of yeast and bacteria was measured. Common components during fermentation, alcohol, acetaldehyde and acetone, amino acid composition, and total sugars and mineral content were determined in yakju(korean wine) brewed from different ingredients and by different methods. Results are summarized as follows ; 1. The lower the pH, the lower the glucoamylase activity in JK, BK, JK-S BK-S and JN. But the higher the glucoamylase activity ratio in Koji and KN. 2. Yeast and bacteria cell count could not determined in nuruk inoculated of seed. In JK, BK and JN, yeast cell count was 50${\times}$104∼80${\times}$104, bacteria cell count was 5${\times}$106∼24${\times}$106. 3. In yakju during fermentation, pH was higher in RU, total acidity content was higher in ST-N, ST-K, RU and ST-RUPO and alcohol content was lower in RUPO and ST-RUPO. 4. Ethanol and acetaldehyde content were highest in dukyunju. Trace amount of acetone was determined only in ST-K, RUPO and ST-RUPO . n-Propyl alcohol content was higher in ST-K, ST-RUPO and ST-N, iso-butyl alcohol content was higher in L-RUPO, Dukyunju and Songyupju and iso-amyl alcohol content was higher in Songyupju, RU, L-RUPO and Dukyunju. 5. In amino acids composition of each yakju, Pro, Ala and Val content was higher than other amino acids. Total amino acids content was the highest in Dukyunju and second highest in ST-N, NH3 was higher in ST-N, Dukyunju, RUPO than other samples. 6. Total sugars content was the highest in ST-N and second highest in RU. 7. P, K and Mg content were higher in Dukyunju and ST-N than in other samples. In Dukyunju, Ca and P ratio was 0.075 because of low Ca content and high P content.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.962-972
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• 2019

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is one of the most frequent causes of bacterial foodborne illnesses. Considering that the main reservoir of NTS is the intestinal tract of livestock, foods of animal origin are regarded as the main vehicles of Salmonella infection. In particular, poultry colonized with Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), a dominant serotype responsible for human infections, do not exhibit overt signs and symptoms, thereby posing a potential health risk to humans. In this study, comparative genomics approaches were applied to two S. Typhimurium strains, ST1539 and ST1120, isolated from a duck slaughterhouse and a pig farm, respectively, to characterize their virulence and antimicrobial resistance-associated genomic determinants. ST1539 containing a chromosome (4,905,039 bp; 4,403 CDSs) and a plasmid (93,876 bp; 96 CDSs) was phylogenetically distinct from other S. Typhimurium strains such as ST1120 and LT2. Compared to the ST1120 genome (previously deposited in GenBank; CP021909.1 and CP021910.1), ST1539 possesses more virulence determinants, including ST64B prophage, plasmid spv operon encoding virulence factors, genes encoding SseJ effector, Rck invasin, and biofilm-forming factors (bcf operon and pefAB). In accordance with the in silico prediction, ST1539 exhibited higher cytotoxicity against epithelial cells, better survival inside macrophage cells, and faster mice-killing activity than ST1120. However, ST1539 showed less resistance against antibiotics than ST1120, which may be attributed to the multiple resistanceassociated genes in the ST1120 chromosome. The accumulation of comparative genomics data on S. Typhimurium isolates from livestock would enrich our understanding of strategies Salmonella employs to adapt to diverse host animals.