• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.370-378
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• 1991

Effects of squalene on humoral immune system in mice were investigated. Squalene exhibited significant increases in the circulating leukocyte counts and relative spleen and thymus weights of the mice. However, the relative liver weight was slightly decreased. Hemagglutination titers (HA) were signficantly enhanced by squalene while Arthus reaction was not affected. Splenic plaque forming cells (PFC) were also greatly increased by squalene, especially at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg of it.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.441-451
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• 2016

Squalene is a linear triterpene formed via the MVA or MEP biosynthetic pathway and is widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and animals. Metabolically, squalene is used not only as a precursor in the synthesis of complex secondary metabolites such as sterols, hormones, and vitamins, but also as a carbon source in aerobic and anaerobic fermentation in microorganisms. Owing to the increasing roles of squalene as an antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory agent, the demand for this chemical is highly urgent. As a result, with the exception of traditional methods of the isolation of squalene from animals (shark liver oil) and plants, biotechnological methods using microorganisms as producers have afforded increased yield and productivity, but a reduction in progress. In this paper, we first review the biosynthetic routes of squalene and its typical derivatives, particularly the squalene synthase route. Second, typical biotechnological methods for the enhanced production of squalene using microbial cell factories are summarized and classified. Finally, the outline and discussion of the novel trend in the production of squalene with several updated events to 2015 are presented.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.450-455
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• 1996

In this study isolation and identification of squalene from amaranth and antineoplastic activity of its residue extract except squalene were determined to examine the utilization of grain amaranth in Korea. The content of squalene in amaranth grain was about 0.43%. The isolated squalene showed 99% pureness containing the identical molecular weight and structure provisionally in comparison with that of animal squalene from Sigma Co. by means of GC /Mass spectrum. Antineoplastic activity against human gastric and colon carcinoma cell line was measured in extract (except squalene) from Amaranth using MTT method. Extract from remaining plant good showed significant cytotoxic effect at the concentration of less than 230$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to establish an analytical method for the determination of E,E-farnesol and squalene in makgeolli, which is a traditional type of Korean fermented rice wine. E,E-farnesol and squalene in makgeolli were extracted using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. SBSE was found to be an effective method for analyzing the E,E-farnesol and squalene levels in makgeolli. The linear dynamic range of the SBSE method for detecting E,E-farnesol and squalene ranged from 0.5 to 200 ng/mL with $R^2=0.9974$ for E,E-farnesol and 100 to 50000 ng/mL with $R^2=0.9982$ for squalene. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification using the SBSE method were 0.1 and 0.5 ng/mL for E,E-farnesol and 15.0 and 40.0 ng/mL for squalene, respectively. The average recoveries obtained were, quantitatively, 101-107% for E,E-farnesol and 98-103% for squalene, respectively, supporting the accuracy of the SBSE-GCMS method.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 1992

This study was designed to estimate the ability of squalene treated mice to eliminate systemically infected bacteria and fungi and to elucidate the mechanism. As a result of measuring the ability to remove systemically infected bacteria and fungi, The ability of mice to remove the organism was found to increase in squalene treated mice when compared with control mice. And also the ability of phagocytic cells to produce Reactive Oxygen Intermediate(R.O.I.) increased in squalene treated mice. When the NADPH oxidase activity that make R.O.I. produce was measured, the activity increased in squalene treated mice, too. Therefore the good clearance of live organism in squalene treated mice is likely to relate to phagocytic cell activation. The activation of phagocytic cells might be mediated via the increased production of R.O.I. due to the increase of NADPH oxidase activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 1992

Effects of squalene on cellular and non-specific immune responses and antitumor activity in mice were investigated. Cellular and non-specific immunological assay parameters adopted in the present study were delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and resette forming cells (RFC) for cellular immunity, activities of natural killer (NK) cells and phagocyte for non-specific immunity. Squalene resulted in marked increases of cellular and non-specific immune functions and enhancement of host resistance to tumor challenge in dose-dependent manner.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1974.09a
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• pp.95-100
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• 1974

The radioactive compound $squalene-H^3$ prepared from peas (Pisum sativum L.) with 5H -mevalonic acid was administered to two- and four-year-old American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) Plants and cuttings in September. The $squalene-H^3$ uptake was low $(40\~86\%).$ $Squalene-H^3$ was not incorporated into the panaquilin sapogenin panaxadiol. This may be due to its poor solubility characteristics and plant absorption, or to the low specific activity. It is possible, but unknown, if any squalene was metabloized into the carbohydrate portion of the panaquilins.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.136-144
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• 1987

Biosynthesis of saponins from acetate, mevalonate and squalene using root slices of panax ginseng C.A. Meyer was investigated. The sliced roots (2g) were incubated with the reaction mixture containing 20 M sodium acetate ($500\mu$Ci [U-$^{l4}C$]-acetate),10 mM mevalonate ($25\mu$Ci [2-$^{l4}C$]-mevalonate) or 10 mM swidme ($10\mu$Ci [4,8,12,13,17,21-$^3H$]-squalene) respectively at $30^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours. Biosynthesis of labelled ginseng saponine from [U-l4C]-acetate, [2-$^{l4}C$]-mevalonate and [4,8,12,13,17,21-$^3H$]-squalene was confirmed by autoradiography. Analysis of the products from [U-$^{l4}C$]-acetate by T.L.C. showed that the % radioactivities in panaxadiol, panaxatriol, squalene and mevalonate were found to be 2.1%, 2.7%, 2.6% and 0.2% respectively. Some of the sugars were also highly labelled. Analysis of the products from [2-$^{l4}C$]-mevalonate by T.L.C. showed that squalene was highly labelled and the products from [4,8,12,13,17,21-$^3H$]-squalene showed that panaxadiol, panaxatriol and sterol were highly labelled. From the above results, it was suggested that saponine might be synthesized from acetate via mevalonate-squalene route as expected in ginseng root.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.331-335
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• 1996

In this study, the attempts were made to Investigate the effect of squalene (200 ppm) on the autooxidation of soybean oil The effect of mixed tocopherols (200 ppm) was also studied In the same way and the results of the study were compared with those of squalene. A put of a commercial soybean oil was stored at 45.0$\pm$0.5t for their autooxidation. The extent of the autooxidation was estimated from the changes of the peroxide value and % conjugated dienoic acid content of the ell substrates The results of the autooxidation, squalene In the soybean oil substrate showed antioxidant activity but the activity was weaker than that of mixed-tocopherols nth the same concentration. The induction periods of the control and substrates with the same concentration. The Induction periods of the control and substrates with squalene and mixed-tocopherols were 448.5 504.9 and 668.9 hours, respectively. Time required to Tech a POV of 30meq/kg oil.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1974

미국인삼(美國人蔘) (오가과(五加科), Panax quinquefolium L.) 2년생(年生) 및 4년생(年生) 식물(植物)에 심지법(法)을 사용(使用)하여 $squalene-H^3$를 투여(投與)했을 때 미국인삼(美國人蔘) 사포닌(panaquilins)과 그 비당체(非糖禮)에 $H^3-incorporation$ 가능성(可能性) 여부(與否)를 검토 하였다. $squalene-H^3$ 섭취율은 매우 낮은 값을 보였으며 $(40{\sim}86%)$, $squalene-H^3$는 또한 panaquilin의 비당체(非糖體) 부분(部分)에는 incorporation 되지는 않았으나 당체(糖體)에는 squalene 대사물질(代謝物質)이 incorporation된 것으로 사료(思料) 되었다.