• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.63-77
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore essences and meaning in experiences of women who have had spontaneous abortion. Methods: A phenomenological methodology was used for the study. A total of five women with the spontaneous abortion participated in the study. In-depth interviews were done for data collection, and the data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method. Results: Five theme clusters, along with 32 sub-themes and 13 themes. The five theme clusters were: 'Waiting and expecting pregnancy', 'Desire to overcome the spontaneous abortion', 'My baby makes me cry and laugh', 'My precious baby', and 'Want to hear with sympathy and talk with you', Conclusion: The women who have had the spontaneous abortion experiences can prevent potential physical and psychological complications after miscarriage by getting education and intervention in nursing. Moreover, they may experience that negative factors of the spontaneous abortion can be turned into positive things through emotional support of family and medical teams.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.2 s.46
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• pp.242-257
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• 1994

In Korea, female workforce has reached more than 40% of total working population, but the effects of work on spontaneous abortion are yet to be examined. This study as conducted to investigate the occupational effects on spontaneous abortion. Medical insurance claim data were used to examine the effects of the employment status and industry of employment on spontaneous abortion. The study population was composed of females, aged $15{\sim}44$, who were the beneficiary of medical insurance in the month of June, 1993. The working females covered by medical insurance for industrial workers, had the highest age-adjusted Spontaneous Abortion rate (SAB rate=claim frequency of spontaneous abortion/claim frequency of complication of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium), 6.65% whereas female dependants of medical insurance for industrial workers had the lowest age-adjusted SAB rate, 4.54%. Among industrial workers, the workers in manufacturing industry had the highest age-adjusted Spontaneous Abortion ratio(SAB ratio=claim frequency of spontaneous abortion/claim frequency of completly normal delivery), 43.2/100 whereas those in financing and service industry had age-adjusted SAB ratio, 16.2/100 and 20.5/100, respectively. The results of the study suggest the adverse effect of manufacturing Industry on reproduction. Work environments such as chemical exposures, overwork, awkard posture, and job stress should be further studied for their effects on reproductive functions of female.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.441-445
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• 1999

Objective: To analyze the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutation in recurrent spontaneous abortion associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Material and Method: The blood sample of habitual aborter with high fasting homocysteine level was tested by PCR - RFLP method. Results: The patient was found to be a homozygosity for MTHFR gene mutation that was confirmed by the finding which is consistent with the mutation at the nucleotide 677 C to T, corresponding to Ala to Val. Conclusions: Hyperhomocysteinemia due to MTHFR mutation is a cause of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Therefore, the MTHFR mutation should be examined in the workup of recurrent spontaneous abortion showing hyperhomocysteinemia.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.209-213
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• 2001

Objective : To evaluate factor XII deficiency in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion and its relation to aPTT. Material and Method: Factor XII was analyzed by clotting method. Results: Of 70 patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion, there were 35 cases of factor XII deficiency. Among them, there were only 3 cases of prolonged aPTT. Conclusions: It is still unclear whether factor XII deficiency is related to recurrent spontaneous abortion. Molecular approaches should be used to understand further the causal relationship. But based on this result, in the workup of patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion, factor XII should be included. aPTT is not likely to represent the abnormality of factor XII.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.179-186
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• 1982

The methods controlling the confounding factors were discussed using the data of secondary infertility with induced abortion. Mantel-Haenszel method and logistic model were applied in the analysis to find out which factors were confounding and/or effect modification variables. In the logistic analysis, the main effect of induced abortion, spontaneous abortion, age and interaction effect between induced abortion and spontaneous abortion were chosen as independent variables being regressed into logistic functions. Spontaneons abortion was interpreted as a potential confounder and at the same time potential effect modifier and age was interpreted as potential confounder. Spontaneous abortion was shown to be more important influencing factor than age to the secondary infertility. In the course of logistic analysis, the problem of parameter estimation and hypothesis testing, assessing the fitness of a model, and selection of the best model were briefly explained. For the program of logistic model, FUNCAT Procedure of SAS package was chosen.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2002

Objective : To evaluate luteinizing hormone (LH) in patients with infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortion. Material and Method: LH was tested by solid phase immunoradiometric assay based on monoclonal and polyclonal anti-LH antibodies. Results: Of 100 infertile patients, the number of less than 5 mIU/ml, 5$\sim$10 mIU/ml, greater than 10 mIU/ml in LH level was 67 (67%), 22 (22%), 11 (11%), respectively. Of 100 patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion, the number of less than 5 mIU/ml, 5$\sim$10 mIU/ml, greater than 10 mIU/ml in LH level was 79 (79%), 18 (18%), 3 (3%), respectively. There was a significant difference between patients with infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortion only in the group with LH level greater than 10 mIU/ml (p=.0325). Conclusions: High LH in the follicular phase is known to decrease pregnancy rate and increase abortion rate. But in this study the incidence of high LH in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion was low. On the contrary, there was a significant increase of LH in infertile patients. So recurrent spontaneous abortion does not seem to be related to high LH level.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2017

The process of spontaneous abortion involves a complex mechanism with various cytokines, growth factors, and hormones during the pregnancy. However, the mechanism underlying spontaneous abortion by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the serum during the pregnancy is not fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and spontaneous abortion using the $CBA/j{\times}DBA/2$ mouse model. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as $IFN-{\gamma}$, $IL-1{\alpha}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were not increased in abortion model mice, but anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-13 and IL-1ra were decreased compared to normal pregnant mice. In addition, serum levels of chemokine, such as SDF-1, G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-16, KC and MCP-1 were decreased in abortion model mice compared to normal pregnant mice. However, the expression levels of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA and protein in the uteri of implantation sites were significantly higher in abortion model mice than normal pregnant mice. These results suggest that uterine nesfatin-1/NUCB2 expression may be down-regulated by inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the serum of pregnant mice. Moreover, this study suggests the possibility that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 expressed in the implantation sites may be associated with the maintenance of pregnancy.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.71-74
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• 2008

Chromosomal abnormalities of abortus have also been used to investigate the most common etiology of spontaneous abortion, but the frequency and the types of spontaneous abortions have also demonstrated considerable variation among in different countries and races. A cytogenetic analysis of 75 abortuses was performed at the GenDix, Inc. from January, 2006 to December, 2007. The frequency of chromosome abnormalities in abortus was 32.0% (24/75 cases). Among the chromosomal abnormalities, trisomy was 62.5% (15/24 cases) and the most frequent trisomy was trisomy 21 with 26.6% (4/15 cases). The average maternal age of normal and abnormal karyotypes was $34.1{\pm}3.3$ and $34.3{\pm}3.3$. Cytogenetic analysis of abortus is important for diagnosis and genetic counseling for parents with spontaneous abortion.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.247-253
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• 2001

Objective: To analyze the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutation in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Material and Method: The blood samples of patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion were tested by PCR-RFLP method. Results: Of 51 cases of study group, 14 (27.5%) were normal, 25 (49.0%) were heterozygosity, and 12 (23.5%) were homozygosity. Of 58 cases of control group, 20 (34.5%) were normal, 30 (51.7%) were heterozygosity, and 8 (13.8%) were homozygosity. But the difference between two groups was not significant (p=0.190). Conclusion: Hyperhomocysteinemia due to MTHFR mutation is a cause of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Therefore, the study for MTHFR mutation should be included in the workup of recurrent spontaneous abortion.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.475-481
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• 1999

Objective: The purpose of this investigation is to determine the frequency of chromosomal or genetic causes of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Methods: A cytogenetic study was made in of 921 couples for 13 years from January 1984 to December 1997 in which the woman was ascertained to have had two or more spontaneous abortions at our Cytogenetic Laboratory, Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Seoul National University. Results: The overall incidence of chromosome anomaly was 80 out of 921 (8.7%). There were 34 cases (3.69%) of reciprocal balanced translocation and 13 cases (1.41%) of Robertsonian translocation. Also 17 cases (1.85%) of inversion and 5 cases (0.54%) of X chromosome mosiacism was observed. In the case of reciprocal balanced translocation, chromosome 8,6,7,13 were preferentially involved over others. And in the case of Robertsonian translocation, chromosome 13 was preferentially involved. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that cytogenetic analysis is indicated in couples with 2 or more spontaneous abortion and about half of these disorders are reciprocal balanced or Robertsonian translocations.