• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.9 s.170
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• pp.801-812
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• 2006

In this study, Combined Drought Index which can monitor the drought severity and intensity has been developed using PDSI, SPI and MSWSI. To verify the accuracy and applicability of combined drought index, Drought map of Korea using the combined drought index has compared with past drought event. Drought map using the combined drought index shows good accordance with past drought event and accurate quantitative drought monitoring results. Also the drought outlook technique has been developed using the weather forecast data of Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Drought outlook technique of this study can be used effectively as a primitive stage tool for real time drought forecast. As a result of this study, Integrated drought monitoring system has been developed which has capabilities of producing and generating the drought monitoring map and drought outlook map as well as various kinds of drought related information.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2017

The balise is a device for the railroad signal control systems, which is installed between both rail. The balise sends fixed or variable data, named telegram, to the train with wireless method. The telegram includes the position information, the movable distance under the signal status, the gradient, the speed, the temporary speed limit, etc. This research is on a design of the DBPL encoder for the balise. Normally the DBPL encoder for the balise is with the ASIC or FPGA technology. In this research, the DBPL encoder is designed with commercial low power operable micro-controller. The firmware(logic level encode) and the SPI Bus function block(physical level output) of the micro-controller are used for the DBPL encode. Under the european standard, the required working speed of the DBPL encoder is 564.48Kbps. The DBPL encoder of this research is tested under the speed of 564.48Kbps, and it worked properly.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.279-283
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• 2012

In is paper, we design and implement the low power, high speed touch screen controller that calculates and outputs the coordinate of touch point on the touch screen of mobile devices. The system clock is 10HMz, the number of input channels is 21, standby current is $20{\mu}A$, dynamic range of input is 140pF~400pF and the response time is 0.1ms/frame. It contains the power management unit for low power, automatic impedance calibration unit in order to adapt to humidity, temperature and evaluation board, adjacent key and pattern interference suppression unit, serial interface unit of I2C and SPI. The function and performance is verified by using FPGA and $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS standard process. The implemented touch screen is designed for using in the double layer ITO(Indium Thin Oxide) module with diamond pattern and single layer ITO module for cost-effective which are applied to mobile phone or smart remote controller.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.5269-5279
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• 2014

The cause of defects in the PCB SMT assembly is mostly solder paste deposits. Conventional inspection methods for solder paste deposits suffer from slow speed, low reliability and high cost. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for calculating the height and region of solder paste on PCB using the 3D profiles without measuring the 2D image. The solder paste region is detected by the phase difference in the measurement points and the average phase on the whole surface of PCB. The high reliable height of the solder paste region is computed by the average of the measurement points' phase with repeatability and reliability. The experimental results revealed improvements of 17% in inspection time and 29% repeatability in the height calculation of the solder paste region, resulting in a high speed and less expensive system.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.37-48
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• 2018

The extreme 2017 spring drought affected a large portion of central and western South Korea, and was one of the most climatologically driest spring seasons over the 1961-2016 period of record. This drought was characterized by exceptionally low precipitation, with total precipitation from January to June being 50% lower than the mean normal precipitation (1981-2010) over most of western South Korea. In this study, for the quantitative drought impact analysis, the widely-used Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the statistical drought frequency are compared with observed meteorological characteristics and anomalies. According to the drought frequency analysis of monthly cumulative precipitation during January and May in 2017, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, and Jeollanam-do areas showed more than drought frequency over 100 years. Gyeongsangnam-do area showed more than drought frequency over 200 years based on annual precipitation in 2017. The South Korean government (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) and Korea Rural Community Corporation (KRC)) have been operating a government-level drought monitoring system since 2016. Results from this study can be used to improve the drought monitoring applications of future drought events, as well as drought planning and preparedness in South Korea.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1729-1738
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• 2020

Salmonellosis is a form of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella infection. The main transmission route of salmonellosis has been identified as poorly cooked meat and poultry products contaminated with Salmonella. However, in recent years, the number of outbreaks attributed to contaminated raw produce has increased dramatically. To understand how Salmonella adapts to produce, transcriptomic analysis was conducted on Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow exposed to fresh-cut radish greens. Considering the different Salmonella lifestyles in contact with fresh produce, such as motile and sessile lifestyles, total RNA was extracted from planktonic and epiphytic cells separately. Transcriptomic analysis of S. Virchow cells revealed different transcription profiles between lifestyles. During bacterial adaptation to fresh-cut radish greens, planktonic cells were likely to shift toward anaerobic metabolism, exploiting nitrate as an electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration, and utilizing cobalamin as a cofactor for coupled metabolic pathways. Meanwhile, Salmonella cells adhering to plant surfaces showed coordinated upregulation in genes associated with translation and ribosomal biogenesis, indicating dramatic cellular reprogramming in response to environmental changes. In accordance with the extensive translational response, epiphytic cells showed an increase in the transcription of genes that are important for bacterial motility, nucleotide transporter/metabolism, cell envelope biogenesis, and defense mechanisms. Intriguingly, Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI-2 displayed up- and downregulation, respectively, regardless of lifestyles in contact with the radish greens, suggesting altered Salmonella virulence during adaptation to plant environments. This study provides molecular insights into Salmonella adaptation to plants as an alternative environmental reservoir.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.813-822
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• 2004

This study quantifies and compares the drought return and duration characteristics by applying the Poisson process as well as based on by analyzing the observed data directly. The drought spatial distributions derived for the Gyunggi province are also compared. The monthly rainfall data are used to construct the SPI as a drought index. Especially, this study focuses on the evaluation of the Poisson process model when applying it to various data lengths such as in the spatial analysis 'of drought. Summarizing the results are as follows. (1) The Poisson process is found to be effective for the quantification of drought, especially when the data length is short. When applying the Poisson process, two neighboring sites are found insensitive to the data length to show similar drought characteristics, so the overall drought pattern becomes smoother than that derived directly from the observed data. (2) When the data length is very different site by site, the spatial analysis of drought based on a model application seems better than that based on the direct data analysis. This study also found more obvious spatial pattern of drought occurrence and duration when applying the Poisson process.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.321-326
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• 2021

Wireless communication is a core technology constituting the Internet of Things (IoT), but there is no suitable educational equipment to learn various wireless communication technologies used in the Internet of Things through practice. This paper deals with the development of advanced education and training equipment that can perform various IoT wireless communication practices. It uses an Arduino mega board as a device to control various sensors. As wireless network technologies to send and receive the sensing date wirelessly, it makes use of RFID/NFC and Bluetooth among WPAN technologies, WiFi among WLAN technologies and LoRa and 2.4GHz wireless transceiver among WWAN technologies. In addition, GPS, infrared communication, I2C communication, and SPI communication are organized so that various IoT wireless communication technologies can be learned through practice. In addition, since the educational equipment developed in this paper is equipped with two devices, it is designed to perform transmission and reception experiments for wireless network technology within the equipment.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2023

This study was designed to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients of soybean meal, soy protein concentrate (SPC), soy protein isolate (SPI), rapeseed meal (RSM), pea protein concentrate (PPC), wheat gluten meal (WGM) and wheat flour (WF) for olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. A reference diet (RF) was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of olive flounder with 1% chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) as an inert indicator. Test diets were prepared to contain 70% RF and 30% of the test ingredient. Olive flounder, averaging 150 ± 8.0 g, was cultured in 400-L fiberglass tanks at a density of 25 fish per tank. Fecal collection columns were attached to each tank. Fecal samples were obtained from triplicate groups of fish for 4 weeks. Dry matter digestibility of SPC (75%) and WGM (76%) were significantly higher than the other test ingredients. Protein digestibility of SPC (85%), PPC (88%) and WGM (89%) were significantly higher than the other test ingredients, and protein digestibility of RSM (77%) and WF (76%) was lower than the other ingredients tested. Lipid digestibility of SPC (72%) and SPI (69%) were significantly higher than the other test ingredients. Energy digestibility of SPC (85%) and WGM (82%) were significantly higher than that of others tested ingredients. The availability of amino acids in WGM was generally higher than in other plant-feed ingredients. Therefore, SPC and WGM were seems to be efficient as potential protein sources for olive flounder compared to other tested ingredients. Overall, findings of the current study may assist in more efficient and economical formulation of diets using plant feed ingredients for olive flounder.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.390-402
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• 2023

Salmonella are Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria commonly found in food animals such as poultry and swine and potentially constitute risks and threats to food safety and public health through transmissible virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Although there are previous studies in the Philippines regarding genotypic and phenotypic AMR in Salmonella, there are very few on virulence and their associations. Hence, this study collected 700 Salmonella isolates from swine samples in abattoirs and wet markets among four districts in Metro Manila and characterized their genotypic virulence and β-lactam AMR profiles. Gene frequency patterns and statistical associations between virulence and bla genes and comparisons based on location types (abattoirs and wet markets) and districts were also determined. High prevalence (>50%) of virulence genes was detected encompassing Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) 1-5 suggesting their pathogenic potential, but none possessed plasmid-borne virulence genes spvR and spvC. For bla, bla_TEM was detected with high prevalence (>45%) and revealed significant associations to four SPI genes, namely, avrA, hilA, mgtC, and spi4R, which suggest high resistance potential particularly to β-lactam antibiotics and relationships with pathogenicity that remain mechanistically unestablished until now. Lastly, comparisons of location types and districts showed variations in gene prevalence suggesting effects from environmental factors throughout the swine production chain. This study provides vital data on the genotypic virulence and AMR of Salmonella from swine in abattoirs and wet markets that suggest their pathogenicity and resistance potential for policymakers to implement enforced surveillance and regulations for the improvement of the Philippine swine industry.