• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.39-52
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• 2004

Icons are the main element of the graphic user interface (GUI). They can help users perform effectively on the computer, especially when the icons reflect user`s mental model. However, few studies in Korea represented Korean users` mental models in icon design. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to ascertain whether existing icons agreement with Korean twentieth mental model, and to deduce properties of Korean twentieth mental model. To do that, 10 icons from two commercially available toolbar-icons of word processing programs were compared with the newly developed icons, which were developed to represent Korean user`s mental modelthrough interviews, surveys, and mental model sketches. The results show that five new metaphors were found: a dog-eared part on the bottom right corner new for new document, a magnifying glass for search, a red pencil for spell-check, `＋` and `` signs in the magnifying glass for zoom, and a yellow post-it for paste. These new icons were preferred to the existing. Korean twentieth users preferred rather complex and dynamic icons than simple and static ones even though icon development guideline said simple icons are better.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.253-259
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• 1990

Between January, 1970 and August, 1989, a total of 81 patients whose age were more than 20 years of life, received total correction for tetralogy of Fallot. This report analyzed 70 patients among them and excluded the remaining 11 patients whose clinical data could not be found. Their mean age was 25.750.39 years[range 20 \ulcorner50]. The clinical manifestations were cyanosis and clubbing [64 pts], frequent URI[40 pts], anoxic spell [19 pts], infective endo-carditis[4 pts], brain abscess[3 pts], pulmonary tuberculosis[3 pts] and CHF, chest tightness, nephrotic syndrome, left hemiplegia, and tamponade. The types of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction were combined[46 pts], pure infundibular [21 pts] and pure valvular[3 pts]. Associated cardiovascular anomalies were PFO [27 pts], ASDi8 pts], LSVC[8 pts], aortic regurgitation [5 pts], right aortic arch, coronary artery anomalies, PDA and dextrocardia. Hospital mortality was 5.7%. The causes of death ware low cardiac output [2 pts], aggravation of CRF[1 pts] and brain damage[1 pts]. There was one late death because of residual intracardiac shunt and congestive heart failure. During the follow-up period, 16 patients were lost and the remaining 49 patients were asymptomatic and leading normal lives. Residual intracardiac shunt was detected in 5 patients with radionuclide single pass study but all of them had Qp / Qs ratio less than 1.5.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 1991

From April 1986 to December 1989, 25 infants under the age of 12 months with tetralogy of Fallot were operated on. Age ranged from 3 to 12 months[mean 8.9$\pm$4.9 months] and mean body weight was 7.8$\pm$ 2.6kg. All the patients were deeply cyanotic, 12 of them experienced anoxic spell. Transannular patch was laid down in 19 patients, in 7 of them monocuspid patch was utilized. Postrepair P RV/LV was measured at operation room in 17 patients[mean 0.48$\pm$0. 14]. Hospital mortality was 20Yo. Causes of deaths include right ventricular failure and low cardiac output. The mortality was closely related with patient`s age and body surface area at operation. Also higher mortality was noticed in patients having major associated anomaly or previous palliative operation, preoperative management with propranolol and transannular repair. 18 patients were followed up for 12 to 50 months with a mean follow-up time of 24 months after operation. There were no late deaths and late ventricular arrhythmia or congestive heart failure was not detected as yet. Redo operation was performed in one case because of residual pulmonic stenosis. Considering several advantages of early primary repair, primary repair of symptomatic infants with tetralogy of Fallot should be encouraged despite somewhat high mortality rate as yet and better results could be anticipated along with improvement of myocardial protection method and postoperative care.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.253-258
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• 1982

Lactobacillus casei YIT 9018 was infected with phage J1 and subjected to grow in $Ca^{＋＋}$ -free MRT (spell out) medium under the presence of four different types of phosphates, sodium-metaphosphate,-pyrophos-phate,-dibasic phosphate, and potassium-phosphate. Among the phosphates tested, sodium pyrophosphate showed sufficient inhibition on the lytic activity of the phage at 0.1% level whereas other phosphate needed more than 0.2% for the same effect. When the concentration of sodium pyrophosphate increased to 0.17%, the bacteria could be protected from lysis until the second succeeding transfer.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.58
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• pp.35-58
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• 2013

In Mash & Murrell, Diplock J said that "there is an implied warranty not merely that they shall be merchantable at the time they are put on the vessel, but that they shall be in such a state that they can endure the normal journey and be in a merchantable condition upon arrival." But in The Mercini Lady, Field J said that "the goods would be of satisfactory quality not only when the goods were delivered on to the vessel but also for a reasonable time thereafter." and "The proposed conditions were not excluded by clause 18. ${\cdots}$ clause 18 was not to be construed as extending to conditions ${\cdots}$". In relation to the problems on validity of the goods conformity clauses in FOB contracts, when considering Lord Wright's comments ("${\cdots}$ hence apt and precise words must be used to exclude it: the words guarantee or warranty are not sufficiently clear.") in Cammell Laird & Co Ltd v Manganese Bronze and Brass, FOB contracts are fundamentally one that seller's duty to deliver the goods is completing at the port of shipment and "principle of party autonomy" in Contract Law, I do not think that the terms implied by section 14 of the SGA and Common Law cannot absolutely excluded by the goods conformity clauses in sale contracts. Therefore, in order to exclude the implied terms, the parties must very clearly spell out this in the relevant clauses.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.768-775
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• 2005

For sign languages are main communication means among hearing-impaired people, there are communication difficulties between speaking-oriented people and sign-language-oriented people. Automated sign-language recognition may resolve these communication problems. In sign languages, finger spelling is used to spell names and words that are not listed in the dictionary. There have been research activities for gesture and posture recognition using glove-based devices. However, these devices are often expensive, cumbersome, and inadequate for recognizing elaborate finger spelling. Use of colored patches or gloves also cause uneasiness. In this paper, a vision-based finger spelling recognition system is introduced. In our method, captured hand region images were separated from the background using a skin detection algorithm assuming that there are no skin-colored objects in the background. Then, hand postures were recognized using a two-dimensional grid analysis method. Our recognition system is not sensitive to the size or the rotation of the input posture images. By optimizing the weights of the posture features using a genetic algorithm, our system achieved high accuracy that matches other systems using devices or colored gloves. We applied our posture recognition system for detecting Korean Sign Language, achieving better than $93\%$ accuracy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

The discipline of terminology is based on its own theoretical principles and consists primarily of the following aspects: analysing the concepts and concept structures used in a field or domain of activity, identifying the terms assigned to the concepts, in the case of bilingual or multilingual terminology, establishing correspondences between terms in the various languages, creating new terms, as required. The word properties has syntax, morphology and orthography. The syntax is that how words are put together. The morphology is consist of inflection, derivation, and compounding. The orthography is spelling. Otherwise, the terms of TKM(Traditional Korean Medicine) is two important element of visual character and phonetic notation. A visual character consist of spell, sort words, stop words, etc. For example, that is a case of sort words in which this '다한', '한다', '多汗', '汗多' as same. A phonetic notation consist of palatalization, initial law, etc. For example, that is a case of palatalization in which this '수족랭', '수족냉', '手足冷', '手足冷' as same. Therefore, to enlarged reference terminology is a method by term's normalization. For such a reason, TKM's terms of normalization is necessary.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.526-541
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• 2016

This research aims to examine the predictive power of multiple online stock message boards, namely, NAVER Finance and PAXNET, which are the most popular stock message boards in South Korea, in stock market activities. If predictive power exists, we then compare the predictive power of multiple online stock message boards. To accomplish the research purpose, we constructed a panel data set with close price, volatility, Spell out acronyms at first mention.PER, and number of posts in 40 companies in three months, and conducted a panel vector auto-regression analysis. The analysis results showed that the number of posts could predict stock market activities. In NAVER Finance, previous number of posts positively influenced volatility on the day. In PAXNET, previous number of posts positively influenced close price, volatility, and PER on the day. Second, we confirmed a difference in the prediction power for stock market activities between multiple online stock message boards. This research is limited by the fact that it only considered 40 companies and three stock market activities. Nevertheless, we found correlation between online stock message board and stock market activities and provided practical implications. We suggest that investors need to focus on specific online message boards to find interesting stock market activities.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2011

The nonlinear characteristics of summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in precipitation, which is manifested as fluctuations in convection and circulation, is one of the major difficulty on the prediction of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). The present study aims to identify the spatial distribution and time evolution of nonlinear phases of monsoon ISO. In order to classify the different phases of monsoon ISO, Self-Organizing Map(SOM) known as a nonlinear pattern recognition technique is used. SOM has a great attractiveness detecting self-similarity among data elements by grouping and clustering such self-similar components. The four important patterns are demonstrated as Meiyu-Baiu, Changma, post-Changma, and dry-spell modes. It is found that SOM well captured the formation of East Asian monsoon trough during early summer and its northward migration together with enhanced convection over subtropical western Pacific and regionally intensive precipitation including Meiyu, Changma and Baiu. The classification of fundamental large scale spatial pattern and evolutionary history of nonlinear phases of monsoon ISO provides the source of predictability for extended-range forecast of summer precipitation.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.107-126
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• 2000

In this study I am concerned with the impact of training for the unemployed on reemployment in Korea. The data is based on the survey that was conducted on those who participated in training programs in 1998 and those who did not. The matching criteria was the length of the spell of nonemployment that preceded entry to training programs. This data design allows to apply the quasi-experimental evaluation method. My estimation results indicate that the participation in training raises the hazard rate into reemployment, but training characteristics such as training contents, agencies do not affect the hazard rate significantly. This results imply that training participation increases reemployment possibility by preventing withdrawal of participants from the labor market, but training programs make little contribution to improving skills.