• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.325-342
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• 2023

The damping modification factor (DMF) is used to modify the 5%-damped response spectrum to produce spectral values that correspond to other necessary damping ratios for seismic design. The DMF has been the subject of numerous studies, and it has been discovered that seismological parameters like magnitude and distance can have an impact on it. However, DMF formulations incorporating these seismological parameters cannot be directly applied to seismic design because these parameters are not specified in the present seismic codes. The goal of this study is to develop a formulation for the DMF that can be directly applied in seismic design and that takes the effects of magnitude, distance, and site conditions into account. To achieve this goal, 16660 ground motions with magnitudes ranging from 4 to 9 and epicentral distances ranging from 10 to 200 km are used to systematically study the effects of magnitude, distance, and site conditions on the DMF. Furthermore, according to the knowledge that magnitude and distance affect the DMF primarily by changing the spectral shape, a spectral shape factor is adopted to reflect influences of magnitude and distance, and a new formulation for the DMF incorporating the spectral shape factor is developed. In comparison to the current formulations, the proposed formulation provides a more accurate prediction of the DMF and can be employed directly in seismic design.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.1311-1317
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• 2021

In this study, an airborne alpha detection system, which consists of a passivated implanted planar silicon (PIPS) detector and an air filter, was developed. A collimator applied to the alpha detection system showed an enhancement in resolution and a degradation in detection efficiency. The resolution and detection efficiency were compared and analyzed to evaluate the performance of the collimator. Thus, the resolution was found to be more important than the efficiency as a determining factor of the detection system performance, from the viewpoint of radionuclide identification. The performance was evaluated on three properties of the collimator: hole shape, hole length, and the ratio between the hole and frame pitches. From the hole shape performance evaluation, a hexagonal collimator showed the highest resolution. Further, the collimator with a hole pitch of 14 mm was found to have the highest resolution while that with a frame pitch of 4-6 mm (i.e., 1.2-1.4 times longer than the hole pitch) showed the highest resolution.

• 디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.593-601
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• 2016

본 논문은 휘도 성분 영상으로부터 컬러 성분 영상들을 추정 부호화함으로써 높은 압축률을 달성할 수 있는 영역 기반 스펙트럴 상관 추정 부호화 방법에 관한 것이다. 제안된 방법은 3단계로 구성되어 있다. 우선, 정규 색차합 영상과 휘도 영상을 이용해 산출한 Y/C 비트 평면합 영상을 대상으로 영상 분할을 수행하여 영역들의 형상 정보를 추출한다. 이후, 각 영역 단위로 휘도 영상과 R, B 영상 간의 근사화 자승 오차가 최소가 되도록 하는 비례 인자와 가감 인자를 산출한다. 최종적으로, 각 영역의 비례 인자와 가감 인자를 비트스트림으로 부호화한다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 결과에 따르면, 제안된 방법은 동일한 PSNR에서 두 칼라 성분 영상을 부호화하기 위해 소요되는 bpp를 비교할 때, JPEG/베이스라인 혹은 JEPG2000/EBCOT 알고리즘에 비해 2배 혹은 3배 이상의 압축률을 제공한다.

• 천문학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.145-155
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• 2016

The Sausage radio relic is the arc-like radio structure in the cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301, whose observed properties can be best understood by synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons accelerated at a merger-driven shock. However, there remain a few puzzles that cannot be explained by the shock acceleration model with only in-situ injection. In particular, the Mach number inferred from the observed radio spectral index, M_radio ≈ 4.6, while the Mach number estimated from X-ray observations, M_X−ray ≈ 2.7. In an attempt to resolve such a discrepancy, here we consider the re-acceleration model in which a shock of M_s ≈ 3 sweeps through the intracluster gas with a pre-existing population of relativistic electrons. We find that observed brightness profiles at multi frequencies provide strong constraints on the spectral shape of pre-existing electrons. The models with a power-law momentum spectrum with the slope, s ≈ 4.1, and the cutoff Lorentz factor, γ_e,c ≈ 3−5×10⁴, can reproduce reasonably well the observed spatial profiles of radio fluxes and integrated radio spectrum of the Sausage relic. The possible origins of such relativistic electrons in the intracluster medium remain to be investigated further.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.477-487
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• 2010

북한의 산림은 1970년대부터 산지개간과 땔나무 채취, 벌목 등에 의해 대규모로 황폐화되었으며, 이러한 산림황폐지는 경제적, 환경적, 재해발생 측면에서 반드시 복구되어야 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 산림황폐지가 대규모로 발견되고 있는 북한 혜산 지역에 대해 산림복구사업 (A/R CDM 사업)을 계획할 수 있는 잠재적 대상지를 추출하기 위한 목적으로, 입목지와 산림황폐지(무립목지, 개간산지, 산간나지)를 보다 정확하게 분류하지 위한 고해상도 영상 기반의 영상분류기법을 개발하고자 한다. 북한의 산림황폐지 유형은 분광특성뿐 아니라 질감특성에 따라 구분될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 2.5m SPOT Pan-Sharpened 영상을 이용해 분할영상을 제작하고 이 과정에서 생성된 질감(texture) 정보를 산림피복 분류 시 분광정보와 함께 활용했다. 분할영상의 제작 시 Scale factor 40/Shape Factor 0.3을 적용하였을 떼 각 산림피복 항목을 분리할 수 있는 적절한 규모의 분할조각이 생성되었다. 또한 산림 피복을 가장 잘 분류해내는 최적밴드를 선정한 결과 기존의 분광밴드 1/2/3 에 질감밴드인 GLCM_dissimilarity (밴드2), GLCM homogeneity (밴드2), GLCM_standard deviation (밴드3)를 추가 하였을 때 산림황폐지 유형간 분리도가 가장 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 질감특성을 이용한 분할영상기반 분류결과기법에 따른 분류결과(80.4%)는 분광정보만을 이용하는 방법의 분류결과(70.3%) 보다 정확도가 높았으며, 특히 입목지와 무립목지의 분리에 있어서 약 23~25%의 정확도 향상 효과를 보였다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서는 직접 현지조사를 하기 어려운 북한지역에 대해 고해상도 위성영상이 효과적인 산림피복분류의 근거를 제공했으며 영상의 분류 시 질감특성을 함께 활용하는 것이 상세한 산림피복 분류에 있어서 정확도 향상에 기여를 할 수 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.173-179
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• 2015

In this paper, object-based classification of urban areas based on a combination of information from lidar and aerial images is introduced. High resolution images are frequently used in automatic classification, making use of the spectral characteristics of the features under study. However, in urban areas, pixel-based classification can be difficult since building colors differ and the shadows of buildings can obscure building segmentation. Therefore, if the boundaries of buildings can be extracted from lidar, this information could improve the accuracy of urban area classifications. In the data processing stage, lidar data and the aerial image are co-registered into the same coordinate system, and a local maxima filter is used for the building segmentation of lidar data, which are then converted into an image containing only building information. Then, multiresolution segmentation is achieved using a scale parameter, and a color and shape factor; a compactness factor and a layer weight are implemented for the classification using a class hierarchy. Results indicate that lidar can provide useful additional data when combined with high resolution images in the object-oriented hierarchical classification of urban areas.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.257-280
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• 2014

In this paper, a novel PARAllel FACtor (PARAFAC) decomposition based Blind Source Separation (BSS) algorithm is proposed for modal identification of structures equipped with tuned mass dampers. Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are extremely effective vibration absorbers in tall flexible structures, but prone to get de-tuned due to accidental changes in structural properties, alteration in operating conditions, and incorrect design forecasts. Presence of closely spaced modes in structures coupled with TMDs renders output-only modal identification difficult. Over the last decade, second-order BSS algorithms have shown significant promise in the area of ambient modal identification. These methods employ joint diagonalization of covariance matrices of measurements to estimate the mixing matrix (mode shape coefficients) and sources (modal responses). Recently, PARAFAC BSS model has evolved as a powerful multi-linear algebra tool for decomposing an $n^{th}$ order tensor into a number of rank-1 tensors. This method is utilized in the context of modal identification in the present study. Covariance matrices of measurements at several lags are used to form a $3^{rd}$ order tensor and then PARAFAC decomposition is employed to obtain the desired number of components, comprising of modal responses and the mixing matrix. The strong uniqueness properties of PARAFAC models enable direct source separation with fine spectral resolution even in cases where the number of sensor observations is less compared to the number of target modes, i.e., the underdetermined case. This capability is exploited to separate closely spaced modes of the TMDs using partial measurements, and subsequently to estimate modal parameters. The proposed method is validated using extensive numerical studies comprising of multi-degree-of-freedom simulation models equipped with TMDs, as well as with an experimental set-up.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.79-93
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• 2009

This paper investigates the possibility of controlling the response of typical portal frame structures to blast loading using a combination of semi-active and passive control devices. A one storey reinforced concrete portal frame is modelled using non-linear finite elements with each column discretised into multiple elements to capture the higher frequency modes of column vibration response that are typical features of blast responses. The model structure is subjected to blast loads of varying duration, magnitude and shape, and the critical aspects of the response are investigated over a range of structural periods in the form of blast load response spectra. It is found that the shape or length of the blast load is not a factor in the response, as long as the period is less than 25% of the fundamental structural period. Thus, blast load response can be expressed strictly as a function of the momentum applied to the structure by a blast load. The optimal device arrangements are found to be those that reduce the first peak of the structural displacement and also reduce the subsequent free vibration of the structure. Semi-active devices that do not increase base shear demands on the foundations in combination with a passive yielding tendon are found to provide the most effective control, particularly if base shear demand is an important consideration, as with older structures. The overall results are summarised as response spectra for eventual potential use within standard structural design paradigms.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.411-424
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• 2018

This study explores the inelastic behavior of systems with flexible base. The use of a single degree of freedom system (ESDOF) with equivalent ductility to represent the response of flexible base systems is discussed. Two different equations to compute equivalent ductility are proposed, one which includes the contribution of rigid body components, and other based on the overstrength of the structure. In order to asses the accuracy of ESDOF approach with the proposed equations, the behavior of a 10-story regular building with reinforced concrete (RC) moment resisting frames is studied. Local and global ductility capacity and demands are used to study the modifications introduced by base flexibility. Three soil types are considered with shear wave velocities of 70, 100 and 250 m/s. Soil-foundation stiffness is included with a set of springs on the base (impedance functions). Capacity curves of the building are computed with pushover analysis. In addition, non linear time history analysis are used to asses the ductility demands. Results show that ductility capacity of the soil-structure system including rigid body components is reduced. Base flexibility does not modify neither yield and maximum base shear. Equivalent ductility estimated with the proposed equations is fits better the results of the numerical model than the one considering elastoplastic behavior. Modification of beams ductility demand due to base flexibility are not constant within the structure. Some elements experience reduced ductility demands while other elements experience increments when flexible base is considered. Soil structure interaction produces changes in the relation between yield strength reduction factor and structure ductility demand. These changes are dependent on the spectral shape and the period of the system with fixed and flexible base.

• 천문학회보
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.67.2-67.2
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• 2010

We present results of searching for the Very Low Luminosity Objects (VeLLOs; internal luminosity : $L_{int}$ < $0.1(d/140pc)^2\;L\odot$) in the Gould's Belt clouds using observations from 3.6 to 70 micron by the Spitzer Space Telescope. The clouds are California, Chamaeleon I, III, Musca, Lupus V, VI, Scorpius, Serpens, Corona Australis, Cepheus, and IC 5146 having the properties of active low-mass star-forming such as the Taurus cloud. The observing sensitivity of the Spitzer data is estimated to be about $L_{int}\;\geq\;5\times10^{-3}(d/140pc)^2\;L\odot$, a factor of 20 better than that of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS). The observing data were processed by the c2d Legacy pipeline. As the criteria to select the VeLLOs, we slightly modified previous ones by Dunham et al. The most important criterion is a flux density at 70 micron that is directly converted to the internal luminosity. Also, we used additional criteria to remove the contamination of evolved stars and extragalaxies which have colors or SEDs very similar to YSOs. We identified a total of 64 new embedded VeLLO candidates with $L_{int}$ < $0.1(d/140pc)^2\;L\odot$, consisting of 8 in California, 15 in Chamaeleon-Musca, 13 in Scorpius-Lupus, 20 in Serpens, 3 in Corona Australis, 3 in Cepheus, and 2 in IC 5146. The classification of the spectral index (${\alpha}$) fitted to the shape of the Ks-24 micron SEDs shows most of VeLLO candidates (89%) are in types of Class I and Flat spectrum. We plot various diagrams based on their 2MASS-Spitzer bands colors and magnitudes to discuss properties of the VeLLOs. This search will lead us new adventure toward a future systematic study of the VeLLOs.