• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2010

유엔환경기구는 잔류성유기오염물질(persistent organic pollutants, POPs)의 생산 및 유통을 억제하기 위한 국제금지협약을 2001년 5월 22일 채택하였다. 이 협약은 151개 승인국 중 59개국으로부터 비준을 얻어 2004년 5월 17일 발효되었다. 한국은 2001년 10월 4일 승인한 이후 본 협약의 비준에 대비하여 등재된 물질에 대한 체계적인 조사를 시행하였다. 문헌 및 사례조사를 통하여 특정면제품목의 가능성이 chlordane, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorobenzenes (HCB), heptachlor, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)에서 발견되었다. 하지만 보다 상세한 추후 조사에 의하여 특정면제품목의 작성 없이 본 협약에 가입할 수 있게 되었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.1032-1036
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• 2019

When the equipment which is related to safety or important to power production is installed in nuclear power plant units (NPPs), verification of equipment Electromagnetic Susceptibility (EMS) must be performed. The low-frequency radiated magnetic field susceptibility (RS101) test is one of the EMS tests specified in U.S NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) Regulatory Guide (RG) 1.180 revision 1. The RS101 test verifies the ability of equipment installed in close proximity to sources of large radiated magnetic fields to withstand them. However, RG 1.180 revision 1 allows for an exemption of the low-frequency radiated magnetic susceptibility (RS101) test if the safety-related equipment will not be installed in areas with strong sources of magnetic fields. There is no specific exemption criterion in RG 1.180 revision 1. EPRI TR-102323 revision 4 specifically provides a guide that the low-frequency radiated magnetic field susceptibility (RS101) test can be conservatively exempted for equipment installed at least 1 m away from the sources of large magnetic fields (>300 A/m). But there is no exemption criterion for equipment installed within 1 m of the sources of smaller magnetic fields (<300 A/m). Since some types of equipment radiating magnetic flux are often installed near safety related equipment in an electrical equipment room (EER) and main control room (MCR), the RS101 test exemption criterion needs to be reasonably defined for the cases of installation within 1 m. There is also insufficient data regarding the strength of magnetic fields that can be used in NPPs. In order to ensure confidence in the RS101 test exemption criterion, we measured the strength of low-frequency radiated magnetic fields by distance. This study is expected to provide an insight into the RS101 test exemption criterion that meets the RG 1.180 revision 1. It also provides a margin analysis that can be used to mitigate the influence of low-frequency radiated magnetic field sources in NPPs.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.285-291
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• 2008

A global binding agreement was adopted with the leading of United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) on May 22, 2001 in Stockholm to regulate the production and distribution on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The agreement took effectuation with the ratification of 59 countries from the approval of 151 countries on May 17, 2004. After the approval on October 4, 2001, South Korea performed systematical investigation on POP-related substances such as chlordane, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorobenzenes (HCB), heptachlor, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to get ready for the ratification of the convention with country-specific exemption. The domestic distributions of those chemical substances have been officially prohibited since the late 1960s to the early 1980s. Although there were occasional reports for the detection of some of those chemical substances, those performed minute signification in their existence in the environment. A series of investigation with documentary examination and fact-finding survey showed the possibility for the ratification on the convention without country-specific exemption.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제49권
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• pp.237-256
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• 2011

A Liner Conference can be defined as "a group of two or more vessel operating carriers which provide international liner services for the carriage of cargo on a particular route or routes within specific geographical limits and which has an agreement or arrangement within the framework of which they operate under uniform or common freight rates and any other agreed conditions with respect to the provisions of the liner services". This study reviews maritime transport policy regarding liner conference and the changes in the liner market over the decades. Liner shipping industry has long been protected from competition by block exemption. The repeal of the block exemption for liner conferences and the abolition of any special EC antitrust regime for the shipping industry marks an important step in European maritime competition policy. This article examines the origins and the rationale of the EC antitrust immunity granted so far th the shipping industry and explains the causes of this historic changes. The abolition of Regulation 4056/86 and of the EU commitment to the UN Code of Conduct marks an historical evolution in international maritime policy, which will have an influence far beyond the EU.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.135-149
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• 1990

주택소유자(住宅所有者)는 자가주택(自家住宅) 귀속임료(歸屬賃料)에 대한 소득세비과세(所得稅非課稅), 1세대(世帶) 1주택(住宅)에 대한 양도소득세비과세(讓渡所得稅非課稅) 및 주택상속(住宅相續)에 대한 상속세공제(相續稅控除) 등 여러가지 조세감면혜택(租稅減免惠澤)을 누리고 있다. 본고(本稿)에서는 기존의 연구결과를 중심으로 이러한 조세감면혜택의 경제적(經濟的) 효과(效果)를 살펴보았다. 이에 의하면 주택소유자(住宅所有者)에 대한 조세감면(租稅減免)은 조세부담(租稅負擔)의 수평적(水平的) 수직적(垂直的) 형평(衡平)에 어긋날 뿐 아니라 주택시장(住宅市場) 및 국민경제(國民經濟)에 미치는 여러가지 왜곡효과(歪曲效果)를 통해 자원배분(資源配分)의 효율성(效率性)을 저해하고 역진적인 소득재분배(所得再分配)를 유발한다고 할 수 있다. 특히 자본시장(資本市場)이 불완전(不完全)한 경우 주택조세감면(住宅租稅減免)은 부유층에 대해 필요 이상의 주택(住宅)을 소유토록하는 한편 유동성이 부족한 저소득층(低所得層) 및 젊은층의 주택구입(住宅購入)을 더욱 어렵게 함으로써 주택소유(住宅所有)의 계층간 불균형을 심화시키고 소득분배(所得分配)를 더욱 악화시키는 결과를 초래한다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 주택소유자(住宅所有者)와 무주택자간(無住宅者間) 조세(租稅)의 중립성을 회복하는 것이 중요하며 이를 위해서는 첫째로 무주택자(無住宅者)의 임대료지출(賃貸料支出)에 대해 소득공제(所得控除)를 실시하며, 둘째로 1세대(世帶) 1가구(家口)에 대해서도 양도소득세(讓渡所得稅)를 과세하며, 셋째로 상속과세(相續課稅)에 있어 주택공제(住宅控除)를 폐지하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각된다. 우리나라와 같이 자본시장(資本市場)이 불완전한 경우 주택소유촉진정책(住宅所有促進政策)은 효율적(效率的)인 장기주택금융제도(長期住宅金融制度)의 확립을 통해 실시되어야 하며 정부(政府)의 재정지원(財政支援)은 주거비부담능력(住居費負擔能力)이 최소한의 수준에 미달하는 영세민계층(零細民階層)에 집중(集中)되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2012

Defamation on the Internet is a criminal offense. Of late, the damage it has been causing has grown exponentially. Here, we suggest some ideas to expand the use of arbitration in Korea. We suggest that all disputes arising in connection with current contracts be settled under the rules of conciliation and arbitration. As a countermeasure to the requirements for defamation or damages, the field of criminal arbitration regulations needs to be defined strictly. In conclusion, the UK does not make provisions for arbitration as a specific subject. With respect to foreign legislation, it is necessary to take a look at ways to expand arbitration in our country. The scale of arbitration must be expanded to allow for greater protection of criminals in exchange for their cooperation in arbitration cases and relative to the amount of the damages in dollars. There must also be detailed instructions regarding the eligibility criteria for and proper handling of these arbitration cases.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.598-608
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• 2017

A new radiation scale is proposed. With empathy toward the vast majority of people who are not well versed in radiation and related matters, and thus suffering from misunderstanding that breeds unnecessary fear of radiation, the aim of proposing a new radiation scale, radiation index (RAIN), is to put the general public at ease with the concept of radiation. RAIN is defined in dimensionless numbers that relate any specific radiation dose to a properly defined reference level. As RAIN is expressed in plain numbers without an attached scientific unit, the public will feel comfortable with its friendly look, which in turn should help them understand radiation dose levels easily and allay their anxieties about radiation. The expanded awareness and proper understanding of radiation will empower the public to feel that they are not hopeless victims of radiation. The correspondence between RAIN and the specific accumulated dose is established. The equivalence will allow RAIN to serve as a common language of communication for the general public with which they can converse with radiation experts to discuss matters related to radiation safety, radiation diagnosis and therapy, nuclear accidents, and other related matters. Such fruitful dialogues will ultimately enhance public acceptance of radiation and associated technologies.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2013

현재 국내에서 가동 중인 싸이클로트론센터는 약 35개소에 이르며, 대부분의 싸이클로트론 센터는 주로 핵의학검사용 악성종양 추적자인 $^{18}FDG$ 등과 같은 방사성의약품을 생산하고 있다. 18F을 생산하기 위한 타겟으로서 산소동위원소비($^{18}O/O$)가 98%정도인 고농축 $H_2{^{18}}O$를 사용하고 있다. 고농축 $H_2{^{18}}O$는 1 gram당 가격이 약 60~70 USD 정도로 매우 고가이나 100% 수입에 의존하고 있는 상황이다. 양성자 빔 조사 전의 타겟(고농축 $H_2{^{18}}O$)은 비방사성이다. 하지만, "사용후 $H_2{^{18}}O$"는 불순물들의 방사화에 의해 방사능을 띄게 되므로 방사선안전 법규에 따라 적절한 관리가 이루어져야 한다. 최근의 핵의학검사 건수의 증가에 따라 사용 후 O-18의 발생량이 증가하고 있음에도 불구하고 국내에서는 현재까지 이에 대한 방사화분석이 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 $^{18}F$생산을 위해 양성자조사를 하고 난 타겟, 이른바 "사용후 O-18 water"의 방사화 분석을 실시하여 핵종별 방사능농도(Bq/g)를 확인하고자 하였다. 세 곳의 서로 다른 싸이클로트론 센터에서 보관 중인 "used $H_2{^{18}}O$" 중 20g 씩을 채취한 3개의 시료에 대해 방사화분석을 실시하였으며, 분석결과 사용후 O-18 water는 감마선 방출 방사성핵종인 $^{56}Co$, $^{57}Co$, $^{58}Co$, $^{54}Mn$ 등과 베타선 방출핵종인 $^3H$을 상당량 포함하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 모든 시료에서 3H은 규제면제 농도 이하인 반면, 한 개 시료는 핵종별 규제면제농도 이상의 감마선 방출핵종을 포함하고 있음을 확인하였다. 시료에 포함된 감마선 방출핵종의 방사능 농도(Bq/g)는 조사 후 보관기간의 차이에 따라 달랐으며, 향후의 추가적인 연구가 더 필요하다고 판단되지만, 본 연구의 결과는 "사용후 O-18 water"의 합리적인 관리방안 수립을 위한 근거 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.229-248
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• 2002

The primary objective of this study is to firstly survey and analyze the working environment and actual condition, secondly know their problems, and then provide the basic data about how to improve their working conditions. The specific study items for getting the goal above is as follows: 1. How does the industrial company connect with highschool vocational education well? 2. How does the mechanical technical highschool graduate apply with industrial field? The result of study is as follows: 1. In case of employment's information and the industrial educationed cooperation, the workers who has the working history in less than 5 years takes short to find the job. National high school graduates and those who get the job through the school and the teacher changed their job at short period compared to other. 2. There was no benefit about the same major's worker at industrial field. The workers admitted that there is the exemption fo military service and the certification's allowance, only for which is related to their job. The longer the workers stay their job, the more they had the chance to get the exemption of military service. National highschool were carried out the curriculum well as planed especially for their major subjects. Whereas, the public and private highschools weren't. The seniors of their job and the coworkers are very helpful for learning the actual knowledge. The workers said that the school's curriculum and club activity weren't effective applying with their working field. 3. The study says that the important things of their job is the knowledge of their major. Those who 80% answered that the worker must improve the knowledge of their major to be a good engineer. Learning from their senior in working field was very helpful. The question above was ranked as the first. 4. The answer says that the new changed job's pay is more than the previous job. That is, the reason of leaving the job is the pay gap. The most dissatisfaction and problems in present job was the environment of working and the working condition. 5. Regarding to asking next year's plan, the answer says that keeping the job was ranked as the first. That answer means that they conservative.

• 의료법학
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.31-60
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• 2014

In this paper the good Samaritan civil liability is argued. In many cases some damage could be caused by an emergency medical service. In such situations the degree of duty of care taken by the service provider would be alleviated depending upon the degree of emergency. Then the service provided by anyone not carrying any duty to do so could be generally ruled by the 'Korean Civil Act' Article 735. This article is related to the management of affairs in urgency. The application of this article means the mitigation of civil liability of the service provider. If the service provider not carrying any duty to provide it "has managed the affairs" of the service "in order to protect the" victim "against an imminent danger to the latter's life", the provider "shall not be liable for any damages caused thereby, unless he acted intentionally or with gross negligence". Korea has another rule applied in such a situation, that is the Korean 'Emergency Medical Service Act' Article 5-2. This article is established for the exemption from responsibility for well-intentioned emergency medical service. It could be referred to as the Good Samaritan law. It provides: "In cases where no intention or gross negligence is committed on the property damage and death or injury caused by giving any emergency medical service or first-aid treatment falling under any of the following subparagraphs to an emergency patient whose life is in jeopardy, the relevant actor shall not take the civil liability ${\cdots}$" In this paper the two articles is compared in the viewpoints of the requirements for and effects of the application of them respectively. The 'Korean Civil Act' Article 735 is relatively general rule against the the Korean 'Emergency Medical Service Act' Article 5-2 in the same circumstance. Therefore the former could be resorted to only if any situation could not satisfy the requisites for the application of the latter. In this paper it has suggested that the former article be more specific for the accuracy of making decision to apply it; and that the latter be revise in some requirements including the victim, the service provider, and the service.